American Oligarchy's Free Trade Deals Set to Destroy Europe

American Oligarchy's Free Trade Deal Set to Destroy Europe https://www.rt.com/op-edge/341801-ttip-eu-obama-us-elections/ NATO on trade, in Europe and Asia, is doomed Pepe Escobar is an independent geopolitical analyst. He writes for RT, Sputnik and TomDispatch, and is a frequent contributor to websites and radio and TV shows ranging from the US to East Asia. He is the former roving correspondent for Asia Times Online. Born in Brazil, he's been a foreign correspondent since 1985, and has lived in London, Paris, Milan, Los Angeles, Washington, Bangkok and Hong Kong. Even before 9/11 he specialized in covering the arc from the Middle East to Central and East Asia, with an emphasis on Big Power geopolitics and energy wars. He is the author of "Globalistan" (2007), "Red Zone Blues" (2007), "Obama does Globalistan" (2009) and "Empire of Chaos" (2014), all published by Nimble Books. His latest book is "2030", also by Nimble Books, out in December 2015. Published time: 4 May, 2016 14:03 The President of the United States (POTUS) is desperate. Exhibit A: His Op-Ed defending the Asian face - the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) - of a wide-ranging, twin-headed NATO-on-trade “pivoting”. The European face is of course the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). POTUS frames TPP – as well as TTIP - in terms of a benign expansion of US exports, and private (US) firms having “a fair shot at competing against state-owned enterprises.” “Fair”? Not really. Let’s see how the mechanism works, focusing on TPP’s European twin. With impeccable timing, almost simultaneously to Obama’s Op-Ed, Greenpeace Netherlands leaked 248 pages of classified TTIP documents that were to be re-discussed last week by negotiators in New York. There have been no less than 13 rounds of TTIP negotiations so far, over nearly three years. The documents – negotiated in total secrecy since 2013 - represent roughly two-thirds of the latest negotiating text. An array of detailed studies, like this one, had been warning about the state of play. The veil of secrecy ended up being the ultimate giveaway to TTIP’s toxicity. Before the Greenpeace Netherlands leak, EU elected representatives could only examine these documents under a police watch, in a secure room, without access to experts, and on top of it they could not discuss the content with anyone else.   I will crush you with my GMOs Everything civil society across Europe – for at least three years – has been debating, and fearing, is confirmed; this is a sophisticated, toxic US-led corporate racket, a concerted assault across the spectrum, from the environment and animal welfare to labor rights and internet privacy. In a nutshell; it’s all about the US corporate galaxy pushing the EU to lower – or abase – a range of consumer protections. Hardball, predictably, is the name of the game. Washington no less than threatened to block EU car exports to force the EU to buy genetically engineered fruits and vegetables. In my travels in France, Italy and Spain over the past two years, I confirmed this to be the ultimate nightmare expressed by practitioners of top-end artisanal agriculture.  [traditional agricultural methods] Predictably, the lobbyist-infested European Commission (EC) fiercely defends TTIP, stressing it could benefit the EU’s economy by $150 billion a year, and raise car exports by 149 percent. Obviously don’t expect the EC to connect these “car exports” to a US-led GMO invasion of Europe. At least some nations have finally woken up from their (corporate lobbyist-induced) slumber. The French Minister for Foreign Trade, Matthias Fekl, said negotiations over a “bad deal” should stop. He went straight to the point, blaming Washington’s intransigence; “There cannot be an agreement without France and much less against France.” Perennially ineffectual President Francois Hollande, for his part, has threatened to block the deal altogether. Three years ago Paris had already secured an exemption for the French film industry not to be gobbled up by Hollywood. Now it’s also about the crucial agriculture front. Hollande said he would never accept “the undermining of the essential principles of our agriculture, our culture, of mutual access to public markets.” And what is the EC – leading the negotiations on behalf of the EU - doing? Pulling its predictable Trojan horse act; these are all “alarmist headlines” and “a storm in a teacup”. Puzzled EU citizens, en masse, may question if this is really the way for the EC – a bureaucratic Brussels behemoth - to supposedly defend the rights of EU consumers. Yet, infiltrated as it is by corporate lobbyism, the EC simply can’t protect the EU’s environmental and health standards, much more sophisticated than the US’s, from a corporate America bent on meddling with the content of EU laws all along the regulatory line.   I got an offer you can’t refuse POTUS was heavily campaigning for TTIP last month in Germany. POTUS still hopes he may have a deal in the bag before he leaves office in January 2017. White House spokesman Josh Earnest has tried to put on a brave face, saying the leaks will not have a "material impact" on the negotiations. Wrong; they will – as they are mobilizing public opinion all across the EU. David Cameron, in the UK, is also in a bind. He’s fiercely pro-TTIP. But Obama has already warned; this means Brexit is a no-no. Club Med nations, for their part, are leaning against. All 28 EU member nations – plus the European Parliament – would have to ratify TTIP if a deal is eventually reached. TPP, for its part, has been negotiated. But it has not been approved by the US Congress (nor by Pacific nations). The approval process has gone nowhere. In fact it will be up to either Hillary Clinton or Donald Trump. Trump arguably is oblivious to TPP’s details; but considering the deal is being heavily championed by Obama, Trump may go against it. A case can be made that both TPP and TTIP vow to distort markets, in Europe and Asia; prop up (US) monopolies; transfer jobs to slave labor markets (in the case of parts of Asia); trample on intellectual property rights (in the case of the EU); facilitate tax evasion; and ultimately transfer more wealth from the many to the 0.00001 percent. And this leads us to how Hillary Clinton – the Wall Street/US establishment candidate – views both TPP and TTIP. Well, she supported both NAFTA and CAFTA, approved under Bill Clinton in the 1990s. As Secretary of State, she lobbied for the Panama trade deal. And, crucially, she has always treated the TPP as the “gold standard”. No wonder; this is the trade arm of the “pivoting to Asia” she’s been so fond of - a Pacific trade deal that excludes China, which happens to be the top trade partner of most Asian nations. Moreover, those by now famous Goldman Sachs speeches are increasingly being seen as payments for services rendered (and promised) by Hillary Clinton to the 0,0001 percent, who are, of course, in favor of global corporate America expansion.     Things we've learned from the #TTIPLeaks:     1. 'We're being sold down the river by our reps in the EU' - @WarOnWanthttps://t.co/CWH0smP0kY     — RT UK (@RTUKnews) May 3, 2016 Yet it ain’t over till the November ballot sings. Hillary now faces serious scrutiny by working class voters in the US. So no wonder, in another flip-flopping masterpiece, she’s now leaning towards describing herself as opposing both TPP and TTIP. Still, TPP at least may be approved during the post-election ‘lame-duck’ session of the US Congress. As for TTIP, it’s now mired in Walking Dead zone. Talk about what it takes for the Obama administration to imprint its trade “legacy” in the history books; to keep blackmailing Europeans and Asians alike as if it was just a lowly Mob extortion racket.  The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT. https://www.rt.com/op-edge/341801-ttip-eu-obama-us-elections/ COMMENT They are a lowly mob extortion racket. Refuse, Europe. It's not worth it. Tell the reps of American oligarchs to f*ck off and tell the greedy European oligarchs to fuck off, as well. Communism has got to be better than this rip off and destruction of Europe for the sake of a few European ruling rich, whose selfishness and greed is destroying Europe.

1871 - Unification of Germany

Marsch 'Preußens Gloria' Holy Roman Empire -- Emperor known as:  Emperor of all the Germanies -- higher nobility referred to as:     -- 'Princes of Germany'     -- 'Princes of the Germanies'   EAST FRANCIA -- lands, formerly known as EAST FRANCIA -- governed as kingdoms since before rise of CHARLEMANGE (800 AD) -- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation -- 500 independent states -- cultural, educational, linguistic & religious minor variances gradually develop -- Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation -- effectively dissolved on abdication of:  Emperor Francis II (1806) -- during WAR OF THE THIRD COALITION -- result:  legal, administrative & political disruption -- bond:  historic, linguistic, cultural, legal -- plus shared experience of French Revolution Wars & Napoleonic Wars -- 'European liberalism' intellectual basis:  unification challenging dynastic/absolutist models 1871 - Unification of Germany -- politically & administratively integrated nation state -- on:  18 January 1871 -- at Versailles Palace, France -- in Hall of Mirrors -- princes of German states -- proclaim Wilhem I of Prussia German Emperor -- following French capitulation in Franco-Prussian War North German Confederation (NGC) (led by Kingdom of Prussia) -- chancellor Otto von Bismarck -- drawing southern German states into alliance with NGC a bonus -- Bismark may have exploited circumstances as they unfolded -- or he provoked, to encourage German unification -- General Staff - head:  Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke vs. Second French Republic -- Napoleon III -- French press and parliament demanded a war -- generals of Napoleon III assured France would win -- PM  Émile Ollivier -- political disunity in France (war solution) -- July 1870, French parliament voted to declare war on Kingdom of Prussia Franco-Prussian War (1870) -- July 1870 - May 1871 -- July 1870, French parliament voted to declare war on Kingdom of Prussia German Military Advantage -- German coalition faster at mobilising its troops -- German numbers superior -- Germans had better training & leadership -- Germans made more effective use of modern tech (esp. rail-roads & artillery) -- series of French defeats -- culminated in:      -- Siege of Metz      -- Battle of Sedan -- Germans decisively defeat Second Empire French -- Napoleon III captured at Sedan -- French Govt of National Defence declared:  Third Republic -- war continued anor 5 mths -- German victory over new French armies in northern France -- Paris falls 1871 -- revolutionary uprising ('Paris Commune') seizes power (2 mths) -- suppressed by regular French army in concert with Germans May 1871 -- German states proclaim union as:  GERMAN EMPIRE -- Treaty of Frankfurt - 10 May 1871 -- gives Germany most of ALSACE & some parts LORRIANE -- becomes imperial German territory of:  Alsace-Lorriane -- Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen European balance of power (in existence since Congress of Vienna 1815) upset re: 1.  German conquest of France 2.  unification of Germany --  Otto von Bismarck large influence on international affairs for next 2 decades Among World War I factors relating back to Franco-Prussian War: -- French determined to regain Alsace-Lorraine -- French fear of another Franco-German war -- British apprehension re balance of power Other: -- Germans viewed French as the traditional destabiliser of Europe -- weakening of France required to prevent further breaches of peace -- Bismark had reportedly altered telegram sent by William I (Ems Dispatch) -- & released it to public -- at issue at time was throne of Spain -- Prussian prince put forward -- France anticipates encirclement by alliance b/w Prussia & Spain -- French diplomatic pressure on Prussia -- Prussia withdraws candidacy of Prussian Prince -- allegedly altered telegraph -- sounded as if Prussian king had insulted French envoy -- French public opinion inflamed -- French politicians vote for war -- French looking for excuse for war:  diplomatic defeat in 1866 -- cocky French thought they'd beat the Prussians -- plus French had growing domestic problems -- French historians dispute this ... but they would   -- Ems Telegram -- "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull" -- Bismarck -- French foreign minister declares he felt he received a 'slap' -- PM Emile Ollivier the war hawk -- early incarnation of CIA must have been there was well:     -- 15,000 to 20,000 bearing flags & banners     -- march Paris streets, demanding war -- French declare war -- southern German states immediately side with Prussia French Military Disadvantage French low on peacetime regulars & conscripts -- there had been the following French military actions:     -- Crimean War     -- Algeria     -- Franco-Austrian War (in Italy)     -- Franco-Mexican War        *intended reforms re universal conscription (rather than ballot)     + shorter service periods     = intended to swell French numbers     -- but Franco-Prussian War broke out befor reforms implemented entirely -- Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts -- Prussia + North & South German allies = 1 million soldiers in time of war *wow, this is exciting ... Feels almost like I'm there, 'Mademoiselle la France' ... I double dare you ;)   Germans Military -- move in small groups / harder to target (verses line/column advancement) -- emphasis on encirclement tactics -- emphasis on artillery whenever possible -- German numbers advantage made encirclement tactic easier -- ageing Dryese needle gun (25-year old design), Germans -- BUT, Germans had:   Krupp 6-pounder (3 kg) steel breech-loading cannons -- equals longer range & higher rate of fire than French cannons / faulty time fuses -- Prussian army unique in Europe for being only to have 'General Staff' -- peacetime purpose was to prepare overall war strategy -- wartime purpose:  direct operational movement, logistics & communications -- officers hand-picked from Prussian War Academy (Kriegsakademie) -- Field Marshall Helmuth von Moltke, head of General Staff -- adopted new tech, esp. railroad & telegraph -- result:  large forces mobilised in coordinated & speedy fashion *Wow, I'm impressed ... now I know why the Prussians were considered militarists -- Prussians sound exactly what you want in a military force -- as exciting as this is, i need a bit of a break for the time being more https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War NOTE:  Italians cannot be trusted in war 1.  Changed sides WWI 2.  Garibaldi pro Germans in Franco-Prussian War       goes from "war to the death to Bonaparte"       to "rescue the French Republic by very means"     Garibaldi commands Italian volunteer army France      *these volunteer Italian forces had fought during:         -- successful unification of Italy         -- in South America     -- after French surrender in Paris to Germans, army disbanded     -- Garibaldi elected to serve in National Assembly of Dijon     -- but he was shouted down & resigned his seat / returned to Italy     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Vosges WWII occupation of Paris must have been of cultural, national, historical significance to the German command, military, historians etc. - goes all the way back to Napoleon & unification etc.    Timeline Leading up to German Unification 1804:      -- Napoleon Bonaparte self-crowns:  emperor of France     -- Napoleon Bonaparte begins conquests of Germanic states     -- Francis 1 of Austria, declares new Austrian Empire in response 1806:      -- Napoleon groups Germanic states into CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE, French client-state     -- dissolution of Austrian-led HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1815:     -- defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte     -- Congress of Vienna:  reinstates Germanic states into GERMAN CONFEDERATION     -- under leadership of:  Austrian Empire 1819     -- Carlsbad Decrees:     -- suppress pan-Germanic activities to avoid creation of German state     -- Kingdom of Prussia institutes:  customs union with Confederation states 1834:     -- Prussian-led customs union:        evolves to Zollverein (incl. all Confed. except Austrian Empire)     -- Zollverein = German Customs Union - tariffs & economic policies management     -- Zollverein (customs union) reduces competition between Germanic states     -- Austria highly protected industry + Prince von Metternich opposed to inclusion     -- Luxembourg, although not state of German Reich, remains in Zollverein to 1919     -- Zollverein was solution to 1,800 customs barriers          in German-speaking HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE     -- cemented economic ties re Prussian & Hohenzollern territories     -- Hohenzollern family = ruling family of Prussia     -- Zollverein:  UPHELD protectionist tariff system with foreign trade partners         https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein 1848:     -- revolts over German Confederation     -- force King Frederick William IV of Prussia       to grant constitution to Confederation     -- Frankfurt parliament (est. 1848) attempts to proclaim united Germany     -- refused by William IV       -- question of uniting Germany under:            1.  Kleindeutch - small German          = exclusion of Austria from German unificaiton                2.  Großdeutsch (Grossdeutsch) - Greater German         = inclusion of Austria 1861- 1862:     -- King Wilhelm I becomes King of Prussia     -- appoints OTTO VON BISMARCK, PM & Foreign Minister (1862)     -- Bismark favours:  'blood & iron' to create unified Germany 1864:     -- Danish-Prussian War, opposed to Danish Schleswig into K.Denmark     -- Austrian Empire deliberately drawn into war     -- Austro-Prussian victory     -- Schleswig (northern part)         -- governed by Prussia     -- Holstein (southern part)         -- governed by Austria     -- per TREATY OF VIENNA (1864) 1866:  Bismark accuses Austrian Empire causing troubles re Schleswig (Prussian)     -- Prussian troops take control of Austrian held Holstein     -- Austria declares war on Prussia:         -- Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)         -- Austrian defeat     -- TREATY OF PRAGUE (1866)     -- formerly dissolves German Confederation     -- Prussia creates NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION     -- incls. all Germanic states except PRO-FRENCH southern kingdoms:         -- BAVARIA         -- BADEN         -- WURTHEMBERG 1870:     -- Napoleon III demands Rhineland territories          for neutrality re Austro-Prussian War   -- Spanish Succession Question (1868)   -- Elms Telegram (1870)     -- also at issue     -- France DECLARES WAR on Prussia   1871:  Franco-Prussian War     -- Prussians capture Paris capital (of Second French Empire)     -- TREATY OF FRANKFURTH (1871)     -- incorporates German (likely Catholic) pro-French states:         -- BAVARIA         -- BADEN         -- WURTHEMBERG     -- into NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION     -- new united Germany -- GERMAN REICH proclaimed     -- King Wilhelm I proclaimed leader by Bismarck        -- with German troops in Paris, Napoleon III dissolves Second French Empire     -- French create new republic:  Third French Republic     -- under Adolphe Thiers (Greek & Franco-Levantine heritage + Corsican)     -- Adolphe Thiers     -- various posts     -- premier + minister of foreign affairs (1836 - 1840)     -- support of pasha Muhammad Ali almost leads to war         French - British conflicting Middle East policy     -- forced to resign due to King's intent to avert war     -- various entries [skip]     -- August 1871 he became president of the republic     -- lobbying for France under conservative republic     -- first task to restore public order     -- in concert with Germans, ruthlessly used troops to defeat     -- rebellion - 'Commune' (March-May 1871)     -- destroying French socialist & workers' movements, setting back many years     -- resigned due to lack of support from monarchists     -- skilled in finance / paid off indemnity due to Germans ahead of time     -- his military law of 1872 failed to establish adequate professional army     -- 5 years conscription:  depleted labour force        -- effected return of Napoleon Bonaparte body to France from St. Helena in 1840    British hell camps - struggle for the freedom of the Boerevolk         St. Helena     -- volcanic island south Atlantic ocean, tiny:  16km x 8km     -- discovered by Portuguese 1502     -- British Overseas Territory     -- notable exile prisoners:         -- Napoleon Bonaparte         -- Dinuzulo kaCetshwayo (leading Zulu army against British rule)         -- over 5,000 Boers (Second Boer War)         -- aka  Second Anglo-Boer War / South African War (1899 - 1902)         -- British colonial might against:              Transvaal Republic 'Zuid-Afrikaansche Republic' (ZAR) (Dutch)         -- British hold large prisoners of war & families in concentration camps         -- British effect scorched earth policy:  Boer lands, stock, farms destroyed         -- farms belonging to Boers (Dutch descendants), plundered & burned         -- animals belonging to Boers killed before helpless women & children         -- intent:  deprivation of food & demoralisation         -- women & children left homeless in open field - in bitter winter (nights ?)         -- Boers continued to fight         -- British herded women & children into open cattle trucks & drove them to open concentration camps         -- British lied and claimed 'voluntary camps'         -- erected camps in most unsuitable locations:  swamp lands         -- by 1900 (Oct):  58,883 Boers in concentration camps Transvaal            & 45,306 Free State         -- tattered tends, no protection against elements, designed to kill as many women & children as possible         -- halving of rations / children death / purposeful murder              as cold-blooded British state policy         -- intended to ensure surrender of Boers British unable to defeat on battlefield         -- poison, copper, ground glass, fishhooks, razors in rations         -- lack of sanitary conditions:  epidemic / disease (eg 13 toilets to 3,500 / or 1 toilet for 170 elsewhere)                       -- British responsible for:  27,000 deaths of Boer women & children         -- so British oligarchy could claim mineral riches                   http://www.whale.to/b/british6.html             https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena               -- 1815 British select St Helena as site of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte     -- exiled 1815     -- Napoleon Bonaparte died 1821    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany

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COMMENT

Be militarily prepared & don't declare war unless you are.  

Never underestimate British ruling class' ruthlessness and the greed.

Don't rely on Italy in war:  Italy switches sides.

European History - Early Zionism, Austro-Marxism, Nationalism

Info SOURCE as marked European History  Early Zionism, Austro-Marxism, Nationalism Anti-Defamation League (ADL) former : Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith international Jewish NGO, based USA f. 1913 B'nai B'rith = Heb. 'Children of the Covenant' formerly: Söhne des Bundes (Sons of the Covenant) NOTE:  THAT TRANSLATION IS NOT CORRECT 'BUNDES' IS 'Federal' (or  union?)  So it would make them the union or federation of sons? However:  'Bündnis' is the following, which also includes 'covenant': alliance coalition covenant league entente f. 1843 by Jewish immigrants from Germany early activities, 1800s & 1900s: mutual aid, social service, philanthropy 1851 - Covenant Hall:  1st  Jewish community centre USA 1875 - lodge established in Toronto 1875 - lodge established in Montreal 1882 - lodge established in Berlin 1887 - lodge established in Cairo 1888 - lodge established in Jerusalem Jerusalem lodge 1888 established: 9 years prior to: Theodor Herzl First Zionist Congress Basel, Switzerland 1881 -- mass immigration of Eastern European Jews to USA 1903: meeting B'nai B'rith Executive Committee Washington DC & its President: Simon Wolf / re presentation of petition to Russian govt -- Kishinev riots US govt attendees: Theodore Roosvelt, US President John Hay, US Secretary of State Kishinev progrom / riots (Russia Empire, Bessarabia)  -- anti-Jewish riot --  then capital of Bessarabia, Russian empire (now Moldova) -- 2-day violent attack / 47-49 Jews killed / many injured -- 700 houses destroyed / 600 stores pillaged -- followed by subsequent political protest against Czar, -- that turned to random attack on Jews -- 19 Jews killed / 56 injured -- 600 such riots swept over Russian Empire -- followed October Manifesto of 1905 October Manifesto 1905 -- issued by Emperor Nichoals II -- influence of Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance -- as response to Russian Revolution 1905 -- following state-led industrialisation attempt -- through foreign investment & imposition of tariffs -- industrial devel. not accompanied by further political reform -- expanding working class agitating -- however, peasants still formed 80% of population -- Emancipation of Serfs 1861 -- liberal reforms to abolish serfdom throughout Russian empire -- 23 million people granted liberty -- gained the full rights of free citizens, incl: -- rights to marry without having obtaining consent -- right to own property -- right to own business -- peasants could buy land from landlords -- Georgia emancipation later: 1864 -- state-owned serfs on imperial land, emancipated later: 1866 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861 ----- Pre-Zionism 'Zionist' - Territorialist  Israel Zangwill d. 1926 -- forefront of British cultural Zionism of 1800s -- close associate of Zionist Theodor Herzel -- territorial movement / territorialism -- territorialism  = Jewish political movement -- calling for creation of Jewish territory     (not necessarily in Palestine or autonomous) Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot (1908) in the wake of the Kishinev riot Jewish hero emigrates to America   Mordecai Manuel Noah first Jew born in USA to reach US prominence b. 1785 - d. 1851 playwright, diplomat, journalist, utopian Portuguese Sephardic most important Jewish leader in NY in pre-Civil War period -- 1811 appointed by President James Madison as consul at Riga      (part Imperial Russia) / declined -- 1813 appointed Consul Kingdom of Tunis -- rescued US citizens kept as slaves by Moroccans -- 1815, removed from position -- US Sec. State James Monroe:  Mordecai Manuel Noah's religion an obstacle re exercise of consular function -- reportedly outrage among Jews and non-Jews -- Mordecai Manuel Noah protested & gained letters from:     -- John Adams     -- Thomas Jefferson     -- James Madison     in support of separation of church and state & tolerance for Jews    Mordecai Manuel Noah establishes newspapers in New York: The National Advocate The New York Enquirer (later merged into the New York Courier & Enquirer) The Evening Star The Sunday Times 1819 play produced:  She Would be A Soldier established Mordecai Manuel Noah as first important Jewish American writer Prior to development of modern Zionism: tried to found Jewish refuge at:   Grand Island in the Niagara River     / ie a town & island in New York USA (area 86.2 km square)     gained by British in North America part 1764 Treaty of Cessation     following:  French & Indian War     1815 island purchased by New York State (with other small islands)     for:   $1,000 annually + perpetuity of $500 (paid every June) - ongoing -- intended settlement name:   'Ararat'   'Ararat' after Mount Ararat, biblical resting place of Noah's Ark -- 1825 purchased land at $4.38 per acre to build refuge for Jews of all nations -- it was the 50th year of US independence -- believed that the American Indians were from Lost Tribes of Israel -- had faith Jews to return to rebuild Judaea  -- & called on America to take lead in refuge for Jews Judaea -- Island project failed, for reasons unclear -- Mordecai Manuel Noah then set sights on settling Jews in Palestine 1827 to 1828 -- led NYC Tammany Hall political machine -- writings alternatively for and against slavery -- concerned that emancipation would divide US https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah 1903 - British Uganda Program -- British cabinet ministers  -- suggest land for Jewish state in Uganda (modern Kenya) -- Theodore Herzel rejects, preferring Palestine -- 1903 Kishanev riots Russian Empire, Herzel -- introduces proposal to 6th Zionist Congress -- to investigate Uganda as temporary measure for Russian Jews -- opposition -- walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to Congress Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO) -- led by Israel Zangwill -- split off from the Zionist movement -- considered various territories:     -- various parts of America (e.g. Galveston)     -- Africa     -- Asia     -- Australia ITO was dissolved in 1925 Zionist Socialist Workers Party aka 'Zionist Socialists' or 'SS' -- Jewish socialist territorialist political party -- in Russian Empire & Poland -- emerged from Vozrozhdenie (Renaissance) group 1904 -- held founding conference in Odessa, 1905 -- favoured favoured Jewish territorial autonomy outside of Palestine -- most activities of party = revolutionary activities w/in Russia -- Zionist Socialists played active role in 1905 Revolution -- key figures:     Nachman Syrkin     Jacob Lestschinsky     Volf Latsky-Bartoldi     Shmuel Niger -- 1906 many members went into exile in Western Europe -- central organ:  Der Nayer Veg (Yiddish weekly newspaper) 1911 - SERP - Jewish Socialist Workers Party  AND --   Poalei Zion  =  Marxist-Zionist Jewish workers =  Poland, Europe & Russian Empire   -- seek recognition of national character of the Jewish people -- by signed petition to:   International Socialist Bureau Jewish Labour Bund (aka 'the Bund') aka General Jewish Labour Bund -- in Lithuania, Poland & Russia -- Yiddish for German 'Bund' meaning;  union / federation -- secular Jewish socialist party Russian Empire 1897 - 1920 -- allied itself w/ Russian social democratic movement -- aim:  democratic & socialist Russia -- Russian Empire, incl:   Lithuania Latvia Belarus Ukraine Poland (most) -- these areas, most of worlds Jews lived then   -- Jewish Bund sought legal minority status for Jews in Russia -- 1903-1904 - Czarist state repression -- of Jewish Bund / arrests & imprisonment -- Jewish Bund founding collective member: -- Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) first congress, Minsk -- Bund was sole rep of Jewish workers in RSDLP next 5 years -- RDLP second congress:  1903, Brussels & London -- Bund autonomous position w/in RSDLP rejected under Bolshevik pressure -- Jewish Bund reps left Congress - first of many splits -- 1906 4th (Unification) Congress - Stockholm -- at which Jewish Bund rejoined RSDLP / but party fractured along ideological & ethnic lines -- Jewish Bund sided w/ Menshevik faction (leader Julius Martov) vs. -- Bolshevik faction (leader Vladimir Lenin) -- in factional struggles preceding Russian Revolution 1917 -- in Polish areas of Russian Empire,  -- Jewish Bund was leading force in 1905 Revolution -- later, went into period of decay -- 1909-1910 labour activism strikes concentrated 10 cities led to deepened backlash re party. -- 1910 Bundist legal trade union in only x4 cities (Bialystock, Vilnius, Riga, Lodz) -- Bund split 1912 -- Bund became federated part of:   Bund became a federated part of -- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) -- Jewish Bund eventually came to strongly oppose Zionism -- arguing that emigration to Palestine was a form of escapism -- Jewish Bund did not advocate separatism -- Bund fucused on culture rather than a state or a location as glue re Jewish nationalism -- idea borrowed extensively from Austro-Marxist school      (further alienating Bolsheviks & Lenin) Austro-Marxism -- led by Victor Adler, Otto Bauer, Karl Renner and Max Adler -- members of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria -- in last decades of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy -- & in First Austrian Republic (1918-1934) -- known for theory of NATIONALITY & NATIONALISM -- & attempt to fuse it with SOCIALISM in imperial context -- Otto Bauer believed 'personal principle' was way to gather divided members of same nation -- Otto Bauer wrote:  'Social Democracy & the Nationalities Question' (1907) "personal principle wants to organise nations not in territorial bodies but in simple association of persons" RADICALLY DISJOINING THE NATION FROM THE TERRITORY & MAKING OF THE NATION A NON-TERRITORIAL NATION [Comment:  also sidestepping the tribal heritage of a peoples that form a nation that is a holder of ancestral lands and political power that attaches to heritage and lands.  Good for imperialist interests (combining patchwork of people) and good for minority interests.  But not so good re indigenous or other principal populations, as they cede political power, by the look of things.  It's more than that.  It is ceding STATE power -- eg. ceding ability to raise taxes etc.  It's the Balkanisation of political power and of state power.  That's first impressions.  I've not read more on this 'personal principle'.] *** MORE -- LINK | here  *** Looks like it's based on some Ottoman system:  LINK  | here -- movement visible from 1904 in socialist magazines -- not homogeneous movement / diverse thinkers & politicians -- eg.  neo-Kantian Max Adler & orthodox Marxist Rudolf Hilferding -- 1921 Austro-Marxists formed:  International Workers Union of Socialists) -- (k.a. 2 1/2 International or Vienna International) -- aiming to unite 2nd & 3rd Internationals -- but failed Austro-Marxism -- inspired inspired later movements - eg. Eurocommunism & the New Left -- that were seeking for DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST middle between communism & social democracy -- in way to eventually unite 2 movements Austro-Marxism -- put into practice as precursor of radical reform in Europe:  eg social economic reforms, -- healthcare, housing, educuational system in Vienna -- which inspired Scandinavian social democratic parties & the British Labour Party Austro-Marxism -- first movement in Europe to see supporters mount armed resistance -- to growing FASCIST government / 1934 - fascism wins Austro-Marxist - Principle of National Personal Autonomy -- later adopted by various parties, incl.     -- the Bund (Gen. Jewish Labour Union)     -- left wing Zionists (Hashomer Hatzair) - in favour of bi-national solution in Palestine     -- the Jewish Folkspartei (b/w WWI and WWII)     -- the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - after 1989 Adler = Ger. 'Eagle' Victor Adler -- Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) -- Foreign Minister of Austria, 1918-1918 -- succeeded by Otto Bauer b. Prague son of Jewish merchant from Moravia (Czech) University of Vienna medical graduate 1881 / assistant at psychiatric dept. Gen. Hospital {resided at address that became famous as office of Sigmund Freud} -- initially supported German national movement led by Georg Shonerer -- increased anti-Semitic policies& amendment of Aryan paragraph -- Victor Adler focused on social issues -- 1886 - Adler published Gleichheit (Equality) journal (Marxist) -- advocated the Anschluss (unification) of Austrian state with Germany -- died of heart failure on last day of WWI, before he could pursue project -- the father of Friedrich Adler Adler = Ger. 'Eagle' Freidrich Adler Austrian socialist politician & revolutionary -- assassinated Count Karl von Sturghkh 1916 -- member SPO, Social Democratic Party of Austria -- editor Der Kampf magazine, from 1907 -- at Uni Zurich considered to chair physics dept. / deferred to Einstein -- editor of Volksrecht newspaper (Zurich) -- engaged in international trade union movement -- became sec-gen of SPO Vienna to 1914 -- after start WWI / agitated against SPO policy of supporting war -- anti war killing: -- shot the Minister-President of Austria Count Karl von Stürgkh three times with a pistol, killing him -- sentenced to death, a sentence which was commuted to 18 years imprisonment -- 1918 - released after outbreak of revolution -- active as leader of Arbeiterräte (workers' councils) & as member of National Council of Austria -- more international socialist workers roles -- outbreak of WWII fled to USA; died Zurich 1960 Bauer = Ger. 'farmer' Otto Bauer Foreign Minister of Austria 1918-1919 b. Vienna Jewish University of Vienna, PhD Law book:   Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitätenfrage (1907) (ie Social democracy and the national question) -- Austrian Social Democrat -- Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) -- founded Der Kampf, the theoretical journal of the party -- leading left-socialist Austro-Marxist thinker -- an inspiration for the New Left movement & the Eurocommunism movement in 'third way' attempt re DEM.SOC. -- WWI - served in the Austro-Hungarian Army -- captured on Eastern Front early months of WWI -- 3 years POW in Russia -- 1917 returns to Austria -- after Foreign Minister Victor Adler death 1919, Bauer appointed leader -- Otto Bauer a Marxist socialist w/ pan-Germanic & nationaist ideas -- negotiated w/ Wiemar govt re accession of Austria to Germany by March 1919 during German Revolution -- was disappointed when Treaty of Versailles prohibited union of Austria w/ Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bauer German Revolution of 1918–19 aka Novemberrevolution -- conflict in German Empire at end of WWI -- result of replacement of imperial govt with republic -- revolution from Nov. 1918 to Aug 1919 establishment of republic (Weimar Republic) -- Engelbert Dollfus (plus parts Christian Social Party) & Heimwehr -- installed authoritarian corporatist dictatorship in 1933 -- Social Democrats failed uprising 1934, Feb. -- Otto Bauer forced into exile -- d. Paris 1938, just after Austria became part of German Third Reich.  Renner = 'winner' (variations:  Sieger) Karl Renner 1st Chancellor Austria, 1945 Law / University Vienna Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) b. to wine growers in Margraviate of Moravia Austro-Hungarian Empire described as:  Roman Catholic, German family -- party prohibited during Austro-fascism period from 1934 -- Renner welcomed Anschlus 1938 -- WWII distanced from politics -- set up provisional govt just before collapse Third Reich -- Austria treated as unwilling party to Third Reich association -- provisional govt recognised by all Four Powers -- Renner first post WWII Chancellor -- relatives moved to USA & Canada -- Renner died Vienna 1950 -- one of the founders of discipline of the sociology of law -- developed a Marxist theory of the institution of private law -- argued separation of public & private law is a creation of capitalism, -- where state enforces interests of capital owners -- Renner & Otto Bauer ideas re legal protection of cultural minorities taken up by Jewish Bund -- such ideals fiercely denounced by Vladimir Lenin -- Joseph Stalin wrote criticism re 'Cultural National Autonomy' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Renner ---------------------------------------------------- Mainstream Zionist movement: -- rejected the idea of a Jewish state anywhere but in Palestine -- referred to as:   Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) ---------------------- ---------------------- COMMENT This was really interesting stuff. Above is just a summary of what I looked at.   Not sure if all the links are there ... it's all from the same source:  Wikipedia. Don't know that I'll remember this ... I'm pretty sure I did a summary re Georg Shonerer weeks ago ... but I've already forgotten him.  Think he was killed in a duel.  Nope.  That was some other guy.  I think I have a pic of that guy's death mask somewhere. Might have to check out George Shonerer some other time  ... I've had it.

Europe - True Face of Fascism - 'We Are the Others'

Say Hallå to the: True Face of Fascism FES-conference 'We are the Others' https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ivvzs6oiEyE&feature=youtu.be Sweden's former bad boy National Police Commissioner Social Democrat party member Dan Eliasson     ---------------------- ----------------------