TOKYO MASTER BANNER

MINISTRY OF TOKYO
US-ANGLO CAPITALISMEU-NATO IMPERIALISM
Illegitimate Transfer of Inalienable European Rights via Convention(s) & Supranational Bodies
Establishment of Sovereignty-Usurping Supranational Body Dictatorships
Enduring Program of DEMOGRAPHICS WAR on Europeans
Enduring Program of PSYCHOLOGICAL WAR on Europeans
Enduring Program of European Displacement, Dismemberment, Dispossession, & Dissolution
No wars or conditions abroad (& no domestic or global economic pretexts) justify government policy facilitating the invasion of ancestral European homelands, the rape of European women, the destruction of European societies, & the genocide of Europeans.
U.S. RULING OLIGARCHY WAGES HYBRID WAR TO SALVAGE HEGEMONY
[LINK | Article]

*U.S. OLIGARCHY WAGES HYBRID WAR* | U.S. Empire's Casino Unsustainable | Destabilised U.S. Monetary & Financial System | U.S. Defaults Twice A Year | Causes for Global Financial Crisis of 2008 Remain | Financial Pyramids Composed of Derivatives & National Debt Are Growing | *U.S. OLIGARCHY WAGES HYBRID WAR* | U.S. Empire's Casino Unsustainable | Destabilised U.S. Monetary & Financial System | U.S. Defaults Twice A Year | Causes for Global Financial Crisis of 2008 Remain | Financial Pyramids Composed of Derivatives & National Debt Are Growing | *U.S. OLIGARCHY WAGES HYBRID WAR*

Who's preaching world democracy, democracy, democracy? —Who wants to make free people free?
[info from Craig Murray video appearance, follows]  US-Anglo Alliance DELIBERATELY STOKING ANTI-RUSSIAN FEELING & RAMPING UP TENSION BETWEEN EASTERN EUROPE & RUSSIA.  British military/government feeding media PROPAGANDA.  Media choosing to PUBLISH government PROPAGANDA.  US naval aggression against Russia:  Baltic Sea — US naval aggression against China:  South China Sea.  Continued NATO pressure on Russia:  US missile systems moving into Eastern Europe.     [info from John Pilger interview follows]  War Hawk:  Hillary Clinton — embodiment of seamless aggressive American imperialist post-WWII system.  USA in frenzy of preparation for a conflict.  Greatest US-led build-up of forces since WWII gathered in Eastern Europe and in Baltic states.  US expansion & military preparation HAS NOT BEEN REPORTED IN THE WEST.  Since US paid for & controlled US coup, UKRAINE has become an American preserve and CIA Theme Park, on Russia's borderland, through which Germans invaded in the 1940s, costing 27 million Russian lives.  Imagine equivalent occurring on US borders in Canada or Mexico.  US military preparations against RUSSIA and against CHINA have NOT been reported by MEDIA.  US has sent guided missile ships to diputed zone in South China Sea.  DANGER OF US PRE-EMPTIVE NUCLEAR STRIKES.  China is on HIGH NUCLEAR ALERT.  US spy plane intercepted by Chinese fighter jets.  Public is primed to accept so-called 'aggressive' moves by China, when these are in fact defensive moves:  US 400 major bases encircling China; Okinawa has 32 American military installations; Japan has 130 American military bases in all.  WARNING PENTAGON MILITARY THINKING DOMINATES WASHINGTON. ⟴  
Showing posts with label Napoleonic Code 1804. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Napoleonic Code 1804. Show all posts

February 10, 2016

Germany, Hohenzollern Dynasty - German Mediatisation | French Westphalia | Napoleonic Code 1804


Ref / Info
SOURCE
as marked


Hohenzollern
dynasty of princes, electors, kings & emperors
of:  Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia
German Empire & Romania

family originated in town of Hechingen in Swabia 11th Century
-- took their name from Hohenzollern Castle




-- first ancestor mentioned 1061
-- two branches:


    -- Catholic Swabian ruled:
        - Hohenzollern-Hechingen to 1849
        - Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to 1849
        - Romania - 1866 to 1947
       
    -- Protestant Franconian (Brandenburg-Prussian branch) became:
        - Margrave of Brandenburg 1415
        - Duke of Prussia in 1525
       
        Brandenburg-Prussia = rule by personal union after 1618
        of Margraviate of Brandenburg & Duchy of Prussia
       
        1701 - Kingdom of Prussia created, leading to unification of Germany
        1871 - German Empire created, 

                   with Hohenzollerns as hereditary German Emperors
                   & kings of Prussia
   
    1918 - defeat Germany in WWI
    -- German Revolution followed
    -- Hohenzollerns overthrown
    -- Weimar Republic established, bringing end to German monarchy


*Weimar Republic described elsewhere as Anglo-American puppet
[wikipedia]

German Mediatisation
Deutsche Mediatisierung

ie.  annexation of lesser states to greater state while letting ruler of lesser state retain title & partial authority



fm. Old French, fm. late Latin:  immediatus / fm mediare (to be in the middle) [TFD]

major territorial restructuring - 1802 - 1814
in Germany & surrounding region
{ Holy Roman Empire until 1806 }
means:  mass mediatisation & secularisation
of large number of Imperial Estates:  ecclesiastical principalities, free imperial cities, secular principalities & other minor self-ruling entitles whose independent status was removed & who were absorbed into remaining states

strict meaning mediatisation
=  subsumption of an immediate (German: unmittelbar) state into another state
= rulers dispossessed but left with private estates & number of privileges & feudal rights

historians use 'mediatisation' for entire restructuring process
-- whether mediatised states survived in some form or lost all individuality

MASS MEDIATISATION & SECULARIZATION OF GERMAN STATES
-- came under relentless military and diplomatic pressure from revolutionary France and Napoleon
-- most extensive redistribution of property and territories in German history prior to 1945
-- highpoints:

    - secularization/annexation of:
   
        - ecclesiastical territories 1802–03
        - free imperial cities 1802–03
       
    - mediatisation of secular principalities & counties 1806

Holy Roman Empire
final law passed by Imperial Diet:  25 Feb. 1803
-- major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Empire to compensate German princes
-- re annexation of West of Rhine possessions by France in wars of French Revolution
-- pursuant to:  Treaty of Lunéville of 1801
-- treaty referred only to hereditary princes, none for ecclesiastical, Free Imperial Cities or for Imperial Knights who had been dispossessed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mediatization

Kingdom of Westphalia 1807-1813

{French Vassal}
-- vassal state of First French Empire
-- ruled by Napoleon brother:  Jerome Bonaparte
-- name misnomer
-- Kingdom passed Germany's first laws granting Jews equal rights
-- provided model of reform in other German states
-- Kingdom was bankrupt by 1812
-- overrun by Allies  1815
-- territories mostly Prussian ruled thereafter
-- most reforms remained in place

In Germany Napoleon imposed:
-- first written modern constitution in Germany
-- French-style central administration
-- agricultural reform
-- liberation of serfs
-- equal rights
-- right to jury trial
-- Napoleon demanded heavy taxes and payments, despite poverty
-- conscripted soldiers
-- metric system of weights & measures intro'd
-- Napoleonic code enacted 1804 / French civil code
-- code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion,
-- & specified govt jobs should go to most qualified
-- abolished guilds & paved way for capitalism

[wikipedia]

Napoleonic Code 1804

Napoleonic Code 1804
-- French civil code
-- rules governing relations re private citizens 

-- (as opposed to public laws)
-- exception:  commercial acts (governed by commercial law)
-- purpose:  to set up general rules
-- borrowed legal style from Roman Law
-- incorporated MOST PARTS of Roman Law

Prior to Napoleonic Code:
-- South of France = Roman Law
-- Northern France = customary law (feudal Frankish & Germanic institutions)
-- customary law differed town to town
-- Marriage & family = Canon Law (Roman Catholic Church)
-- 1500s & 1600s efforts to codify local customary laws, little success
-- 1500s kings codified (wrote up) individual customary laws in France
-- strengthened power of customary laws to withstand Roman Laws
-- saved France from Roman law adoption which occurred in Germany

-- *does not make sense (to me):  Napoleonic Code is largely Roman Law, combined with French Revolution 'Enlightenment' ideology
 

-- as French kings consolidated power, unitary private law for all of France felt necessary
-- in France (& in England) powerful, well-organised group of practising lawyers allied with King
-- lawyers sought centralisation of justice in royal courts
-- prior to Revolution, all major customary laws codified (differences could be seen)
-- Voltaire:   change horses; change
laws
 

-- France change via:
  • revolutionary action
  • war
  • propaganda
  • law
-- law = means to overthrow of old society & building of a new society
-- French Revolution sought to adjust both technical+ sociological content of the law
-- primarily interested in legal problems having political & ideological involvements
-- French Revolution made ideological changes
 

-- NEXT:  Napoleon and the codes concentrated on the technical concept of law

-- pre French Revolution, vested interests blocked codification (b/c privileges)
-- recording customary law in France brought legal certainty, but could not eliminate differences
-- French revolution made codification necessary & possible
-- powerful groups (manors & guilds) were destroyed
-- secular power of Church had been suppressed
-- provinces transformed into subdivision of new national state
-- ideology:  for 'purely rational law' free from prejudices
-- moral justification was conformity to 'dictates of reason'

-- justification NOT in ANCIENT CUSTOM or MONARCHICAL PATERNALISM
-- founded on 'Enlightenment'
-- bourgeoisie brought down the old order

-- bourgeoisie introduced the laws purportedly based on reason
-- Code as a whole was highly influenced by the theory of natural law
-- theory of natural law:  autonomous principles of nature independent of religion

-- human beings can devise legal system for orderly, reasonable & moral life
-- "it is none other than natural reason and that governs all mankind"

-- loosely written to give judicial decisions room (adaptation to changing circumstances)
-- original Code Civil was the law-book of the third estate
-- ideal man of the bourgeoisie Civil Code was not:
    - the little man
    - the artisan or daily labourer

-- ideal man of bourgeoisie Civil Code was:
    - the man of property
    - man of judgement
    - man of reason
    - knowledgeable re affairs & familiar with law


-- existence of bourgeoisie depended on freedom, esp. economic & property (land) freedom
-- therefore, the bourgeoisie Civil Code 'freedom contract' aspect dominates Civil Code


French Revolution altered the traditional social order

  • Absolute monarchy
  • interlocking powers of king, nobility, clergy, judiciary
  • old territorial division of the country into provinces
  • feudal regime of land
  • the court system
  • Human beings inherited status, bondage of servitude & marriage
  • influence of parental power was immense
Post French Revolution:
Man was considered to be also autonomous, equal, selfish, responsible and with inalienable right at birth.
intermediary status groups of the old regime no longer mediators

 - man had to deal with the state itself directly


The State
state seen as entity bound via laws to

free its citizens from the traditional authority
of feudal, church, family, guild, and status groups, and to equip all its citizens with equal rights

Napoleon code of law in 1804
combined the revolutionary ideology with Roman Law
-- revolutionary ideology:  individual liberty & equality before law
-- regulated much of private law matters eg. property, will, contracts, liability & obligations
-- incorporated MOST PARTS of Roman Law
-- a model for civil law systems
-- remains living law in large parts of the world

1804 Napoleonic Code - First Introduced to Areas Under French Control

-- Belgium
-- Luxembourg
-- Germany (western)
-- Italy (north-Western)
-- Geneva
-- Monaco
1804 Napoleonic Code - Introduced to Areas Later Conquered by French
-- Italy
-- Netherlands
-- Hanseatic lands
-- Germany (remainder western)
-- Switzerland

Hanseatic Lands

Baltic / Northern European merchant gilds & market towns
commercial & defensive confederation
13th to 17th centuries

*own legal system & own armies / but not a city-state

* nor were theys confederation of free states
  / few enjoyed autonomy & liberty of free imperial cities

Lübeck, Germany (port) = base
merchants of Saxony & Westphalia, trading east & north


Hanseatic free cities allegiance directly to Holy Roman Emperor
(not local nobility)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League



1804 Napoleonic Code - still in use:

-- Belgium
-- Luxembourg
-- Monaco
French Civil Code spread:

-- Europe - via military force / but retained after Waterloo defeat
-- Africa - via French colonialism
-- Asia - via French colonialism
-- Latin America - on technical merits & opposition to Spanish & Portuguese colonial rule

Napoleonic Code 1804

1.  Extinguishes:

    - Primogeniture: inheritance preference to eldest son custom
    - hereditary nobility
    - class privileges

2.  Determines all male citizens are equal.

3.  Extinguishes ecclesiastical controls.

4.  Determines:

    - freedom of person
    - freedom of contract
    - absolute private property rights

Book 1

- law of persons
- civil rights
- protection of personality
- domicile
- guardianship
- tutorship
- parents/children relations
- marriage
- personal relations, spouses
- dissolution of marriage (annulment or divorce)
- women subordinated to fathers & husbands
    - males controlled all family property & determined fate of chidren
    - males favoured in divorce proceedings
    - reforms only took place in late 1900s

Book 2

- law of things / regulation of property rights
    - ownership
    - usufruct
    - servitudes

Book 3

- methods of acquiring rights
    - succession
    - donation
    - marriage settlement
    - obligations
    - nominate contracts (specific types: sale, hiring, partnership, loan, deposit etc)
    - legal & conventional mortgages
    - limitations of actions
    - prescriptions of rights 

      (uninterrupted possession of property --> acquisition of rights)
   
Obligations
-- Napoleonic Code 1804
-- establishes traditional Roman Law categorities of:
    - contract
    - quasi-contract
    - delict (wrongful act under criminal law, fm. Latin 'to offend')
    - quasi-delict
-- does not explicit spell out freedom of contract
-- but freedom of contract is underlying principle in many provisions

Napoleonic Code influence diminished with intro of:

-- German Civil Code (1900) - adopted by Japan
    / influenced Switzerland, Greece, Austria, Russia, & Scandinavian countries
   
-- Swiss Civil Code (1912) - adopted by Turkey


Brasil, Mexico, Greece & Peru 20th Century
= codes borrowed from German, French & Swiss traditions


Napoleon in exile:  "What nothing will destroy, what will live forever, is my Civil Code."


Napoleonic Code 1804  - source:

1.  wikipedia

2.  http://www.academia.edu/666717/Legal_History_II

3.  http://www.britannica.com/topic/Napoleonic-Code







At:  Berlin City Palace
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Announced:  German entry into WWI (1914)

East Germany blew up the palace
to exorcise the evils of Prussian imperialism

The man who would be kaiser
A century after Kaiser Wilhelm led Germany to war, his great-great-grandson is attempting to revive his family’s fortunes

http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/the-man-who-would-be-kaiser-1.1884029



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Palace where Kaiser Wilhelm II declared the First World War is to be rebuilt, 100 years later 

"In 1914, as in 2014, Germany was the economic success story of Europe. It was an emerging world power, its rise driven by astonishingly fast industrialisation that had seen it quadruple its foreign trade in just 30 years, and overtake Britain in steel production." 

[COMMENT:  making Germany a target of British aggression - both WWI & WWI (to finish the job of destroying Britain's European rival)]


http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-one/11008289/Palace-where-Kaiser-Wilhelm-II-declared-the-First-World-War-is-to-be-rebuilt-100-years-later.html




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COMMENT

Just some of what I've enjoyed checking out.