Video - Bye Bye Empire (Third Reich Propaganda Swing)

Video Bye Bye Empire (propaganda swing) Reich Propaganda Ministry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ML--h2YV9Ho ---------------------- ---------------------- Charlie & his Orchestra Third Reich German propaganda swing band ---------------------- ---------------------- Here's Mr Churchill's latest song Dedicated to Great Britain I never cared for you before Hong Kong, Burma, Singapore Bye, Bye Empire India, I may lose, too Then I'll only have the London Zoo Bye, Bye Empire There's no-one here who loves & understands me Nothing but heaps of bad news they all hand me The Yankees are still out of sight I can't make out wrong from right Empire, Bye, Bye ---------------------- ---------------------- Erhard Bauschke German musician 1912 - born Breslau 1945 - died Frankfurt am Main (age 33) Nickname:   'Funny' Instruments: violin piano saxophone clarinet Immediately after outbreak of WWII, Third Reich Propaganda Ministry obtained musical accompaniment for: The British Soldier's song Onward British Soldier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oVcNuBtfsQg It looks as though a Lutz Templin, a violinist in dance orchestras, was also involved in the production of Onward British Conscript.  Hard to make out the translation, so I'm not sure about that. 'bausch' translates to 'ball' / so maybe Bauschke is derived from 'ball' Erhard Bauschke was an American prisoner of war at the end of WWII. Upon release, he played in clubs of the US military in Frankfurt am Main. While loading musical instruments, behind a truck following such a performance, Bauschke was struck by a jeep and killed. As US General George S. Patton would know, there was a lot of bad drivers occupying German soil back then. Oh, wait ... Patton was assassinated: The Telegraph General George S. Patton was assassinated to silence his criticism of allied war leaders claims new book  George S. Patton, America's greatest combat general of the Second World War, was assassinated after the conflict with the connivance of US leaders, according to a new book. By Tim Shipman in Washington 7:16PM GMT 20 Dec 2008 " ... military historian Robert Wilcox claims that OSS head General "Wild Bill" Donovan ordered a highly decorated marksman called Douglas Bazata to silence Patton, who gloried in the nickname "Old Blood and Guts"." "His book, "Target Patton", contains interviews with Mr Bazata, who died in 1999, and extracts from his diaries, detailing how he staged the car crash by getting a troop truck to plough into Patton's Cadillac and then shot the general with a low-velocity projectile, which broke his neck while his fellow passengers escaped without a scratch." "Mr Bazata also suggested that when Patton began to recover from his injuries, US officials turned a blind eye as agents of the NKVD, the forerunner of the KGB, poisoned the general. " " ... car on display in the Patton museum at Fort Knox is not the one Patton was driving" LINK | Telegraph SOURCE / Bauschke [German] https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Bauschke Other Lyons Pies J. Lyons & Company http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/news/news-opinion/steven-mccabe-nigella-lawson-tea-6462419 The Prostitutes’ Padre Harold Davidson and the Lyons Corner House in Coventry Street Gimps of inter-war London http://www.nickelinthemachine.com/2011/02/the-prostitutes-padre-harold-davidson-and-the-lyons-corner-house-in-coventry-street/ ---------------------- ---------------------- COMMENT Thought this was a really cool WWII musical propaganda find. The channel also hosts audio of the song 'Onward Conscript Army', which lyricises Britain's obligation to  repay a 'debt of thanks' to its benefactors, international banks; while "Isaac Hore-Belisha" (British War Minister) "will lead you from the rear."   LOL Hore-Belisha was born as Isaac Leslie Belisha, but he later adopted his senior public servant step-father's surname, Hore, and went with 'Leslie'. Leslie Hore-Belisha saw action in WWI and attained the rank of major; he was a qualified lawyer (barrister); and was senior writer for the Express newspaper, before being called to the bar.  His face looks really handsome in this military photo - here. The Find A Grave entry says Hore-Belisha was 'Britain's Dreyfuss', which refers to a French-Jewish military figure that was discriminated against (from recollection).  Yes, it was a big scandal 1894-1906, Captain Alfred Dreyfus was convicted of treason and spent 5 years of a life-sentence in exile at Devil's Island, French Guiana.  Anti-Semitic demonstrations ensued (Dreyfus was Jewish) and there were anti-Semitic riots in over 25 French cities and several deaths in Algiers, that were associated with this case.  But it transpired that Dreyfus was wrongly convicted.  The spy giving French secrets to the German embassy was reportedly another officer (Esterhazy, distinguished himself in the Crimean War -  here); there was a cover-up at the top, and there were falsified documents - here.  Dreyfus was tried again in 1899 and given a 10 year sentence the second time around, but was pardoned and released. Eventually, Dreyfus was exonerated in 1906 and reinstated in the French military, before going on to serve in WWI. Military man, Georges Picquart, was accused of forging the note that was said to have convinced Picquart of the guilt of Esterhazy, and therefore this presumably calls into question the shift of evidence from Drefyus to Esterhazy? Picquart wound up resigning from the military.  However, the exoneration of Dreyfus also exonerated Picquart, who became French Minister of War in 1906, before returning to the military once again in 1909 - here. Doubt crept in reading about the Picquart fellow, who was accused of forgery.  Now I'm finding it hard to take any of this at face value.  But after reading about the dodgy sounding Esterhazy, I'm not so confused.  It doesn't sound like Esterhazy was at all principled, so it's not hard to see him as guilty. Anyway, a version of the German propaganda swing song, Onward Conscript Army, was reportedly sung by the British armed forces themselves, until the then British War Minister, Leslie Hore-Belisha (a subject of the song), banned British troops from singing it. As British War Minister, Hore-Belisha fired high-ranking British military staff who weren't sufficiently hawkish, while he reportedly doggedly pushed for Britain's entry into war with Germany.  In addition, he pushed for introduction of conscription in 1938.  Conscription was subsequently introduced in early 1939, despite strong political and public opinion against this. Hore-Belisha alienated those within the British military and probably all those against conscription. Guess that's part and parcel of taking unpopular decisions? It looks like some serious rift within military command.  Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall on the subject of Hore-Belisha and (I think) the Chief of Imperial Staff, Anglo-Irish Gort (John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereke, Viscount Gort): "They could never get on, and you couldn't expect two such wildly different people to do so ; a great gentleman and an obscure, shallow-brained, charlatan, political Jewboy." Wonder if that means that Hore-Belisha was a political appointment, or if he just wasn't liked?  Gort is described as having what sounds like maybe an ideal military bearing (but also as kind of dull and preoccupied with minutiae), while Hore Belisha is referred to as 'theatrical' (Dunkirk 1940: Operation Dynamo By Doug Dildy). Hore-Belisha saw WWI action in France, Flanders and Salonica in what appears to be a rifle brigade, so how 'theatrical' and 'shallow' could he have possibly been? Click image to ENLARGE It would help knowing how the military works.  As in, did he start out in the trenches, or was he placed in a privileged position (much like all those titled military commanders probably were), and did he really engage in combat or was he just giving the orders from some tent? It looks like the British have farmed out public records to some sh*tty scam site that expects you to sign up and pay a subscription fee to view what ought to be made available to the public by the UK authorities themselves.  What a scam. According to this entry, it was also suggested that Hore-Belisha was more vested in pursuing foreign interests than strictly vested British interests (although there isn't a citation for that). Without knowing the ins and outs of key WWII facts, it's hard to tell whether that was a fair or unfair appraisal of his motivations. Due to political pressure,  Hore-Belisha was later marked for removal from his post, and he resigned in due course.  But Britain had already entered WWII. That was some interesting WWII trivia. It's mind-blowing listening to the delivery of the political messages of the day, from the voice of the dead -- and the voice of a defunct, defeated state whose spirit lingers even today. The political humour of yesteryear is rife with charges that also abound today.  Save that nobody's poised to fight Germans.  Spooky. Listening to this, it seems like Third Reich Germans had a sense of humour:  ... Bye Bye Empire.  Difficult to believe that KGB forerunner would finish off the assassination of Patton on behalf of the Yankees. I'm not buying that one:  the CIA and their friends have proven more than capable of handling hits themselves. * I've always loved Bye Bye Blackbird.

European History - Early Zionism, Austro-Marxism, Nationalism

Info SOURCE as marked European History  Early Zionism, Austro-Marxism, Nationalism Anti-Defamation League (ADL) former : Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith international Jewish NGO, based USA f. 1913 B'nai B'rith = Heb. 'Children of the Covenant' formerly: Söhne des Bundes (Sons of the Covenant) NOTE:  THAT TRANSLATION IS NOT CORRECT 'BUNDES' IS 'Federal' (or  union?)  So it would make them the union or federation of sons? However:  'Bündnis' is the following, which also includes 'covenant': alliance coalition covenant league entente f. 1843 by Jewish immigrants from Germany early activities, 1800s & 1900s: mutual aid, social service, philanthropy 1851 - Covenant Hall:  1st  Jewish community centre USA 1875 - lodge established in Toronto 1875 - lodge established in Montreal 1882 - lodge established in Berlin 1887 - lodge established in Cairo 1888 - lodge established in Jerusalem Jerusalem lodge 1888 established: 9 years prior to: Theodor Herzl First Zionist Congress Basel, Switzerland 1881 -- mass immigration of Eastern European Jews to USA 1903: meeting B'nai B'rith Executive Committee Washington DC & its President: Simon Wolf / re presentation of petition to Russian govt -- Kishinev riots US govt attendees: Theodore Roosvelt, US President John Hay, US Secretary of State Kishinev progrom / riots (Russia Empire, Bessarabia)  -- anti-Jewish riot --  then capital of Bessarabia, Russian empire (now Moldova) -- 2-day violent attack / 47-49 Jews killed / many injured -- 700 houses destroyed / 600 stores pillaged -- followed by subsequent political protest against Czar, -- that turned to random attack on Jews -- 19 Jews killed / 56 injured -- 600 such riots swept over Russian Empire -- followed October Manifesto of 1905 October Manifesto 1905 -- issued by Emperor Nichoals II -- influence of Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance -- as response to Russian Revolution 1905 -- following state-led industrialisation attempt -- through foreign investment & imposition of tariffs -- industrial devel. not accompanied by further political reform -- expanding working class agitating -- however, peasants still formed 80% of population -- Emancipation of Serfs 1861 -- liberal reforms to abolish serfdom throughout Russian empire -- 23 million people granted liberty -- gained the full rights of free citizens, incl: -- rights to marry without having obtaining consent -- right to own property -- right to own business -- peasants could buy land from landlords -- Georgia emancipation later: 1864 -- state-owned serfs on imperial land, emancipated later: 1866 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861 ----- Pre-Zionism 'Zionist' - Territorialist  Israel Zangwill d. 1926 -- forefront of British cultural Zionism of 1800s -- close associate of Zionist Theodor Herzel -- territorial movement / territorialism -- territorialism  = Jewish political movement -- calling for creation of Jewish territory     (not necessarily in Palestine or autonomous) Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot (1908) in the wake of the Kishinev riot Jewish hero emigrates to America   Mordecai Manuel Noah first Jew born in USA to reach US prominence b. 1785 - d. 1851 playwright, diplomat, journalist, utopian Portuguese Sephardic most important Jewish leader in NY in pre-Civil War period -- 1811 appointed by President James Madison as consul at Riga      (part Imperial Russia) / declined -- 1813 appointed Consul Kingdom of Tunis -- rescued US citizens kept as slaves by Moroccans -- 1815, removed from position -- US Sec. State James Monroe:  Mordecai Manuel Noah's religion an obstacle re exercise of consular function -- reportedly outrage among Jews and non-Jews -- Mordecai Manuel Noah protested & gained letters from:     -- John Adams     -- Thomas Jefferson     -- James Madison     in support of separation of church and state & tolerance for Jews    Mordecai Manuel Noah establishes newspapers in New York: The National Advocate The New York Enquirer (later merged into the New York Courier & Enquirer) The Evening Star The Sunday Times 1819 play produced:  She Would be A Soldier established Mordecai Manuel Noah as first important Jewish American writer Prior to development of modern Zionism: tried to found Jewish refuge at:   Grand Island in the Niagara River     / ie a town & island in New York USA (area 86.2 km square)     gained by British in North America part 1764 Treaty of Cessation     following:  French & Indian War     1815 island purchased by New York State (with other small islands)     for:   $1,000 annually + perpetuity of $500 (paid every June) - ongoing -- intended settlement name:   'Ararat'   'Ararat' after Mount Ararat, biblical resting place of Noah's Ark -- 1825 purchased land at $4.38 per acre to build refuge for Jews of all nations -- it was the 50th year of US independence -- believed that the American Indians were from Lost Tribes of Israel -- had faith Jews to return to rebuild Judaea  -- & called on America to take lead in refuge for Jews Judaea -- Island project failed, for reasons unclear -- Mordecai Manuel Noah then set sights on settling Jews in Palestine 1827 to 1828 -- led NYC Tammany Hall political machine -- writings alternatively for and against slavery -- concerned that emancipation would divide US https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah 1903 - British Uganda Program -- British cabinet ministers  -- suggest land for Jewish state in Uganda (modern Kenya) -- Theodore Herzel rejects, preferring Palestine -- 1903 Kishanev riots Russian Empire, Herzel -- introduces proposal to 6th Zionist Congress -- to investigate Uganda as temporary measure for Russian Jews -- opposition -- walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to Congress Jewish Territorialist Organization (ITO) -- led by Israel Zangwill -- split off from the Zionist movement -- considered various territories:     -- various parts of America (e.g. Galveston)     -- Africa     -- Asia     -- Australia ITO was dissolved in 1925 Zionist Socialist Workers Party aka 'Zionist Socialists' or 'SS' -- Jewish socialist territorialist political party -- in Russian Empire & Poland -- emerged from Vozrozhdenie (Renaissance) group 1904 -- held founding conference in Odessa, 1905 -- favoured favoured Jewish territorial autonomy outside of Palestine -- most activities of party = revolutionary activities w/in Russia -- Zionist Socialists played active role in 1905 Revolution -- key figures:     Nachman Syrkin     Jacob Lestschinsky     Volf Latsky-Bartoldi     Shmuel Niger -- 1906 many members went into exile in Western Europe -- central organ:  Der Nayer Veg (Yiddish weekly newspaper) 1911 - SERP - Jewish Socialist Workers Party  AND --   Poalei Zion  =  Marxist-Zionist Jewish workers =  Poland, Europe & Russian Empire   -- seek recognition of national character of the Jewish people -- by signed petition to:   International Socialist Bureau Jewish Labour Bund (aka 'the Bund') aka General Jewish Labour Bund -- in Lithuania, Poland & Russia -- Yiddish for German 'Bund' meaning;  union / federation -- secular Jewish socialist party Russian Empire 1897 - 1920 -- allied itself w/ Russian social democratic movement -- aim:  democratic & socialist Russia -- Russian Empire, incl:   Lithuania Latvia Belarus Ukraine Poland (most) -- these areas, most of worlds Jews lived then   -- Jewish Bund sought legal minority status for Jews in Russia -- 1903-1904 - Czarist state repression -- of Jewish Bund / arrests & imprisonment -- Jewish Bund founding collective member: -- Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) first congress, Minsk -- Bund was sole rep of Jewish workers in RSDLP next 5 years -- RDLP second congress:  1903, Brussels & London -- Bund autonomous position w/in RSDLP rejected under Bolshevik pressure -- Jewish Bund reps left Congress - first of many splits -- 1906 4th (Unification) Congress - Stockholm -- at which Jewish Bund rejoined RSDLP / but party fractured along ideological & ethnic lines -- Jewish Bund sided w/ Menshevik faction (leader Julius Martov) vs. -- Bolshevik faction (leader Vladimir Lenin) -- in factional struggles preceding Russian Revolution 1917 -- in Polish areas of Russian Empire,  -- Jewish Bund was leading force in 1905 Revolution -- later, went into period of decay -- 1909-1910 labour activism strikes concentrated 10 cities led to deepened backlash re party. -- 1910 Bundist legal trade union in only x4 cities (Bialystock, Vilnius, Riga, Lodz) -- Bund split 1912 -- Bund became federated part of:   Bund became a federated part of -- Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) -- Jewish Bund eventually came to strongly oppose Zionism -- arguing that emigration to Palestine was a form of escapism -- Jewish Bund did not advocate separatism -- Bund fucused on culture rather than a state or a location as glue re Jewish nationalism -- idea borrowed extensively from Austro-Marxist school      (further alienating Bolsheviks & Lenin) Austro-Marxism -- led by Victor Adler, Otto Bauer, Karl Renner and Max Adler -- members of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria -- in last decades of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy -- & in First Austrian Republic (1918-1934) -- known for theory of NATIONALITY & NATIONALISM -- & attempt to fuse it with SOCIALISM in imperial context -- Otto Bauer believed 'personal principle' was way to gather divided members of same nation -- Otto Bauer wrote:  'Social Democracy & the Nationalities Question' (1907) "personal principle wants to organise nations not in territorial bodies but in simple association of persons" RADICALLY DISJOINING THE NATION FROM THE TERRITORY & MAKING OF THE NATION A NON-TERRITORIAL NATION [Comment:  also sidestepping the tribal heritage of a peoples that form a nation that is a holder of ancestral lands and political power that attaches to heritage and lands.  Good for imperialist interests (combining patchwork of people) and good for minority interests.  But not so good re indigenous or other principal populations, as they cede political power, by the look of things.  It's more than that.  It is ceding STATE power -- eg. ceding ability to raise taxes etc.  It's the Balkanisation of political power and of state power.  That's first impressions.  I've not read more on this 'personal principle'.] *** MORE -- LINK | here  *** Looks like it's based on some Ottoman system:  LINK  | here -- movement visible from 1904 in socialist magazines -- not homogeneous movement / diverse thinkers & politicians -- eg.  neo-Kantian Max Adler & orthodox Marxist Rudolf Hilferding -- 1921 Austro-Marxists formed:  International Workers Union of Socialists) -- (k.a. 2 1/2 International or Vienna International) -- aiming to unite 2nd & 3rd Internationals -- but failed Austro-Marxism -- inspired inspired later movements - eg. Eurocommunism & the New Left -- that were seeking for DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST middle between communism & social democracy -- in way to eventually unite 2 movements Austro-Marxism -- put into practice as precursor of radical reform in Europe:  eg social economic reforms, -- healthcare, housing, educuational system in Vienna -- which inspired Scandinavian social democratic parties & the British Labour Party Austro-Marxism -- first movement in Europe to see supporters mount armed resistance -- to growing FASCIST government / 1934 - fascism wins Austro-Marxist - Principle of National Personal Autonomy -- later adopted by various parties, incl.     -- the Bund (Gen. Jewish Labour Union)     -- left wing Zionists (Hashomer Hatzair) - in favour of bi-national solution in Palestine     -- the Jewish Folkspartei (b/w WWI and WWII)     -- the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania - after 1989 Adler = Ger. 'Eagle' Victor Adler -- Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) -- Foreign Minister of Austria, 1918-1918 -- succeeded by Otto Bauer b. Prague son of Jewish merchant from Moravia (Czech) University of Vienna medical graduate 1881 / assistant at psychiatric dept. Gen. Hospital {resided at address that became famous as office of Sigmund Freud} -- initially supported German national movement led by Georg Shonerer -- increased anti-Semitic policies& amendment of Aryan paragraph -- Victor Adler focused on social issues -- 1886 - Adler published Gleichheit (Equality) journal (Marxist) -- advocated the Anschluss (unification) of Austrian state with Germany -- died of heart failure on last day of WWI, before he could pursue project -- the father of Friedrich Adler Adler = Ger. 'Eagle' Freidrich Adler Austrian socialist politician & revolutionary -- assassinated Count Karl von Sturghkh 1916 -- member SPO, Social Democratic Party of Austria -- editor Der Kampf magazine, from 1907 -- at Uni Zurich considered to chair physics dept. / deferred to Einstein -- editor of Volksrecht newspaper (Zurich) -- engaged in international trade union movement -- became sec-gen of SPO Vienna to 1914 -- after start WWI / agitated against SPO policy of supporting war -- anti war killing: -- shot the Minister-President of Austria Count Karl von Stürgkh three times with a pistol, killing him -- sentenced to death, a sentence which was commuted to 18 years imprisonment -- 1918 - released after outbreak of revolution -- active as leader of Arbeiterräte (workers' councils) & as member of National Council of Austria -- more international socialist workers roles -- outbreak of WWII fled to USA; died Zurich 1960 Bauer = Ger. 'farmer' Otto Bauer Foreign Minister of Austria 1918-1919 b. Vienna Jewish University of Vienna, PhD Law book:   Die Sozialdemokratie und die Nationalitätenfrage (1907) (ie Social democracy and the national question) -- Austrian Social Democrat -- Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) -- founded Der Kampf, the theoretical journal of the party -- leading left-socialist Austro-Marxist thinker -- an inspiration for the New Left movement & the Eurocommunism movement in 'third way' attempt re DEM.SOC. -- WWI - served in the Austro-Hungarian Army -- captured on Eastern Front early months of WWI -- 3 years POW in Russia -- 1917 returns to Austria -- after Foreign Minister Victor Adler death 1919, Bauer appointed leader -- Otto Bauer a Marxist socialist w/ pan-Germanic & nationaist ideas -- negotiated w/ Wiemar govt re accession of Austria to Germany by March 1919 during German Revolution -- was disappointed when Treaty of Versailles prohibited union of Austria w/ Germany https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bauer German Revolution of 1918–19 aka Novemberrevolution -- conflict in German Empire at end of WWI -- result of replacement of imperial govt with republic -- revolution from Nov. 1918 to Aug 1919 establishment of republic (Weimar Republic) -- Engelbert Dollfus (plus parts Christian Social Party) & Heimwehr -- installed authoritarian corporatist dictatorship in 1933 -- Social Democrats failed uprising 1934, Feb. -- Otto Bauer forced into exile -- d. Paris 1938, just after Austria became part of German Third Reich.  Renner = 'winner' (variations:  Sieger) Karl Renner 1st Chancellor Austria, 1945 Law / University Vienna Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria (SDAP) b. to wine growers in Margraviate of Moravia Austro-Hungarian Empire described as:  Roman Catholic, German family -- party prohibited during Austro-fascism period from 1934 -- Renner welcomed Anschlus 1938 -- WWII distanced from politics -- set up provisional govt just before collapse Third Reich -- Austria treated as unwilling party to Third Reich association -- provisional govt recognised by all Four Powers -- Renner first post WWII Chancellor -- relatives moved to USA & Canada -- Renner died Vienna 1950 -- one of the founders of discipline of the sociology of law -- developed a Marxist theory of the institution of private law -- argued separation of public & private law is a creation of capitalism, -- where state enforces interests of capital owners -- Renner & Otto Bauer ideas re legal protection of cultural minorities taken up by Jewish Bund -- such ideals fiercely denounced by Vladimir Lenin -- Joseph Stalin wrote criticism re 'Cultural National Autonomy' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Renner ---------------------------------------------------- Mainstream Zionist movement: -- rejected the idea of a Jewish state anywhere but in Palestine -- referred to as:   Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) ---------------------- ---------------------- COMMENT This was really interesting stuff. Above is just a summary of what I looked at.   Not sure if all the links are there ... it's all from the same source:  Wikipedia. Don't know that I'll remember this ... I'm pretty sure I did a summary re Georg Shonerer weeks ago ... but I've already forgotten him.  Think he was killed in a duel.  Nope.  That was some other guy.  I think I have a pic of that guy's death mask somewhere. Might have to check out George Shonerer some other time  ... I've had it.

Uppsala - Main Norse Pagan Centre of Sweden ... & Beyond

ꕤ Uppsala fourth-largest city Sweden after: Stockholm, Gothenburg & Malmö formerly 'Upsala' originally located a few km north of current location at Gamla Uppsala (old Uppsala) 'Up' translates to 'Up' 'Sal' translates to 'Hall' [messing with translation tool / not necessarily spot-on] Centre of Norse (native pagan) worship not only for Sweden for all Scandinavia "Even after Christianity had spread through Sweden, heathen sacrifices were still maintained at Upsala." http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15207a.htm Uppsala main pagan centre of Sweden Temple at Uppsala contained idols of Norse gods Temple described in: 1. Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum [Latin:  Hamburg church bishops events or Deeds of the Bishops of Hamburg] (Adamus Bremensis, 11th Century) Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum [pl. pontificum from:  pontifex] (here) pontifex 1.  = high priest, state minister in ancient Rome 2.  = pontiff or bishop of early Christian church / now Pope Deeds Hamburg Church Bishops Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum 2. Heimskringla (Snori Sturluson, 13th Century)  Adamus Bremensis Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (not entirely reliable) account follows: Ubsola refers to temple:  Ubsola, near Sigtuna temple adorned with gold worship of gods seated at triple throne: Thor (central throne) - holds mace - cf. Jupiter Wodan (Odin) - armor-clad - cf. Mars Fricco (Freyr) - immense erect penis  **** Replica Freyr  bronze-figure found at farm Rällinge in Lunda parish, Södermanland, Sweden Norse Peoples worshipped gods who were once men believed to be immortal because of their heroic acts Each of the gods had a priest appointed to them, who offered sacrifices to the gods from the people. Communal Festival  Every 9 years communal festival of every province in Sweden was held in Ubsola converts to Christianity had to make a payment in lieu of attendance Sacrifice 9 males of every living creature blood sacrifice to placate the gods corpses of the nine males are hung within grove beside temple Grove grove considered extremely sacred each singular tree "is considered to be divine" due to the death of those sacrificed rotting corpses hanging dogs and horses hang within grove among corpses of men reportedly x72 cadavers of differing species seen hanging at grove according to Adamus Bremensis, many & 'disgusting' songs sung during sacrificial rites [note:  Adamus was big on converting the north to Christianity, so he is not exactly impartial.] near the temple stands a massive evergreen tree with far-spreading branches tree is also where spring sacrifices are held live man thrown into spring, if he fails to return to surface: 'wish of the people will be fulfilled'. golden chain surrounds temple golden chain hangs from the gables of the temple golden chain is visible from distance to those approaching temple landscape surrounded by hills, like amphitheatre feasts & sacrifices continue for 9 days spring equinox: each day a man is sacrificed with two animals total sacrifices:  x27 Rudolf Simek Professor German Studies University of Bonn re:  Bremen account of temple, sources varying re reliability Bremen account potentially influenced by description of Solomon's Temple in Old Testament but existence of a temple at Uppsala is undisputed similar chains as described by Bremen appear on some European churches dating from 8th to 9th centuries site of 11th-century temple probably adjoined choir of the church standing there today *choir:  "part of a church used by ... company of singers." [TFD] Orchard (1997) Thietmar of Merseburg produced a considerably less detailed but similar account of sacrifices held in Lejre, Denmark earlier in the 11th century [here] Thietmar of Merseburg b. 975 AD - d. 1018 AD son of the Saxon count Prince-Bishop of Merseburg (1009  - death 1018) chronicler recording reigns of German kings & Holy Roman Emperors of Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty [wikipedia] Norse Temple Desecrated by Christian Cathedral Price and Alkarp radar / geophysical examination: remains of wooden construction located directly under northern transept of the medieval cathedral (arms of cross shape) two other buildings: one of them a Bronze Age building other possibly a Viking Age feasting hall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala Kungshögarna högarna = 'piles' (mounds) Royal mounds - x3 large barrows in Gamla (Old) Uppsala Mounds - Sweden's oldest national symbols " ... remains were covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf."excavated: "bronze panels with a dancing warrior carrying a spear" "probably adorned a helmet of the Vendel Age" - ie 550-790 (between Migration Period & Viking Age) "gold which probably had adorned a scramasax" [Anglo-Saxon single-edged knife]... or, according to other theory, were part of belt 'Valhalla' (fm Old Norse Valhöll "hall of the slain")  The dead burned to hasten passage to Valhalla & given: several glass beakers; a tafl game (Germanic & Celtic strategy board games); a comb; and a hone.  Tafl Versions of Tafl Hnefatafl Alea Evangelii Tawlbwrdd (Wales) Brandubh Ard Ri Tablut played across Northern Europe prior 400 B.C. to 12th Century 12th C. Tafl supplanted by chess Sweden  officially Christianised by 12th Century Hone -- fine grained whetstone  |  aka snakestone -- for sharpening tools, blades, knives etc Old Norse Valhöll. Valr, the slain in battle hall of Odin into which the souls of those fallen in battle are received [source] Old Norse Valhǫll=val(r) the slain in battle, slaughter (c. Old English wæl) + hǫll hall] [ibid] Viking Chief  presence in battle was vital Essential for a Viking chief to be considered an equal in war [source:  Tafl Games, Wikipedia] *equal in war system sounds good to me *we should go back to this Western Mound animal sacrifices (for journey to Valhalla) remains of   warrior   accoutrements luxurious weapons & other objects, domestic & imported, incl: Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets board game with Roman pawns of ivory dressed suit of Frankish cloth with golden threads belt with elaborate buckle x4 cameos (engraved object) fm. Middle East - possibly part of a casket http://www.spottinghistory.com/view/767/the-royal-mounds/ Royal Mounds of Gamla Uppsala, Ancient Pagan Site of Sweden " ... excavations proved that the mounds were man-made, and contained human burials, though the identities of those buried in the mounds have never been firmly established." Pattern of cremation & re-interment:  East & West mounds. "East Mound, the excavators discovered a burial urn filled with burnt bone that was covered by a stone cairn." ""According to the Ynglinga Saga [legendary saga, written in Old Norse by Icelandic poet/historian Snorri Sturluson c. 1225] , this mortuary practice was established by Odin himself: “Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth.”" [here] Sigtuna founded 1,000 years ago on then shore of Lake Mälaren name from:   ancient royal estate (see Uppsala öd) [Uppsala öd roughly:  'Uppsala domains' or 'wealth'] Uppsala öd - collection of medieval royal estates to finance Swedish king & his retinue (probably noble supporters) estate of this kind in most 'hundreds' 'hundred' = county division aka 'harad' or 'hundare' other language terms: herred (Danish), herad (Norwegin), harde (German) kihlakunta (Finnish) Kihelkond (Estonian) ie area liable to provide 100 armed men or area containing roughly 100 homesteads similar administrative systems used:  China & Japan England & Wales 'hundred' = division of shire for military & judicial purposes under common law (subject to varying degree of feudal ownership or rights) 'hundred' first recorded in laws of King Edmund I (939-46) Edmund the Elder / Edmund the Just half-brother:  Æthelstan (predeceased Edmund who succeeded him) Æthelstan victim of a political assassination father:  Edward the Elder, English king king of the Anglo-Saxons sister: Eadgyth, the wife of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor One royal estate in each 'hundred' was called 'Husaby' 'Husaby' consisted of large centrally located farm originally property of local strongmen who were defeated by the Swedish kings Husaby became home of king's tax collector inhabitants of the 'hundred' delivered goods as taxes 13th century:  more efficient administration rendered 'Husaby' obsolete. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husby_%28estate%29 IMAGE - Husaby Church Church belonged to network of royal estates:  'Uppsala öd' tower built late 11th C. stone church built 12th C. Steep walls, high towards 'arguably only Romanesque architecture' in Sweden Romanesque = medieval European / first pan-European architecture since Roman arch.  / Britain:  referred to as 'Norman' *developed into Gothic in 12th C. (pointed arches) Romanesque architecture (aka Norman) no beginning consensus proposed:  6th C. to late 10th C. combines features ancient Roman, Byzantine & local traditions thick walls, rounded arches,sturdy pillars, groin vaults (double-barrel vaults), large towards, decorative arching (cascade of arches) examples:  abbey churches many castles built this period but are greatly OUTNUMBERED by churches prosperous areas later rebuilt Romanesque churches in fussy Gothic style eg. England & Portugal poorer regions:  south of France, Spain & rural Italy provide most surviving Romanesque churches Unfortified Romanesque secular homes & palaces more rare domestic quarters of monasteries even more rare *I like the St Nicholas Rotunda in Cieszyn Poland, not so much into the other examples. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture 800 AD - Christmas Day Charlmagne crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Old St Peter's Basilica in spot of:  new St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City built over:  Circus of Nero construction began orders Emp. Constantine 1 318-322 AD 30 years to completion became major place of pilgrimage in Rome over next 12 centuries 846 AD - Arab raid against Rome 'Saracens' sacked & damaged basilica 'Saracen' - Aghlabid dynasty Sunni Muslim, ruled 'Ifriqiya' {located:  Tunisia (now), Tripolitania (western Libya) & Constantinois (Algeria) areas previously:   African Province of Roman Empire Arabs deterred from Ponza capture by combined fleet from Naples & Gaeta but later that year took:  Messina, Sicily Arab mercenaries hired to fight in Campania {by Benevento & Salerno figures at civil war} Arabs struck: Porto and Ostia in 846 Roman militia retreat behind walls Basilicas outside Aurelian walls (St Peter & St Paul) vast riches easy Arab targets historians:  raiders knew exactly to find most valuable treasures Saracen Arab Raid against Rome echoed in: chanson de geste (song of heroic deeds) medieval French epic poen at dawn of French literature 11th & early 12th Centuries {before the romantics / troubadours} *originally sung, later recited *survived in 300 manuscripts Arabs sacked other churches plundered outskirts of city prevented from entering the city heart by Aurelian Wall Aurelian Walls ('Mura aureliane') built between:  271 AD - 275 AD Reigns of: Emperor Aurelian Emperor Proubus Aurelian Walls enclosed all seven hills of Rome + Campus Martius (field of Mars, aka Campo Marzio) Campus Martius publicly owned area ancient Rome, 2km square most populous area Rome by Middle Ages Campus Maritus possibly named after Ara Martis ('Mars' altar'), c. 8th Century BC / location of altar unknown / destruction of altar unknown mid-6th Century BC - 324 BC (early Republic) four (4) temples built Temple of Diana - 6th C. - no remains Temple of Castor & Pollux - 495 BC Temple of Apollo Sosianus - 431 BC Temple of Juno Regina - 392 BC 324 BC - death Alexander Great thereafter Hellenism sweeps Rome seven (7) temples built Campus Martius Temple Bellona - Goddess of War Temple fortuna - Goddess of fortune, personification luck / wheel of fortune paired with: Mater Matuta, indigenous Latin mother goddess Temple Juturna - Goddess fountains, wells, springs Temple Hercules - equiv. Jupiter (Gk. Heracles) Temple Vulcan - god of fire, metal working Temple Fortuna Equestris - Fortuna again, 'Equestrian Luck' + one (1) uncertain former Roman religious places: Capitoline Hill Forum Romanum later, temples & religious activity spread from here across Rome temples of misc. gods absorbed into Roman culture LINK | IMAGE model Rome 300 AD https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Martius#/media/File:Campus_Martius.jpg Temple of Bellona (Rome) vowed in 296 BC during 3rd Samnite War (Italic) Bellona ancient Roman goddess of war sister of Mars Temple at Campus Maritus site of meetings with foreign ambassadors festival of Bellona:  3 June Priests of Bellona known as 'Bellonarii' priests self-wounding when making sacrifices (early) March 24 - day of blood (dies sanginis), only symbolic (later) Source | here Bellona - Wears helmet, carries spear & torch.  [source] Latin:  Bellum, Belli - 'War'  [here] Celtic Goddess of War - Badb sounds coolest: Celtic Trinity of War Goddesses: Badb Morrigan Macha - (Crow) or Nemain (Frenzy) - feeds on the heads of slain enemies Badb -- sometimes raven / magic to confuse warriors in battle -- fought battles -- battlefield called 'land of Badb'  [here] when Badb assumes form of raven or crow known as:  Badb Catha 'battle raven' Morrigan - 'Great Queen' or 'phantom Queen' Celtic goddess of war, battles, death, strife & fertility appears singularly or in trio of goddesses if seen by warrior before battle, warrior will die [Celtic deities - here] Columna Bellica "small column standing in an open area beside the temple of Bellona"  LINK | Source used in Roman ceremony for DECLARING WAR spear hurled from Roman territory towards enemy territory short column near Forum from which consul proclaimed war by hurling spear into surrounding field towards enemy's country [book:  Cyril M. Harris - Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture - (2013)] later, where territory did not border Rome "[prisoner of war] soldier of Pyrrhus had been forced to buy this spot of ground [in Campus Martius] in order that it might represent foreign soil, and the column represented a boundary stone over which the fetial (priest) cast his spear when war was to be declared in due form against a foreign foe"  LINK | Source fetial (L. pl. fetiales) - type of priest of Ancient Rome collegium (equally empowered members) devoted to Jupiter advised senate on foreign affairs, international treaties made formal proclamations of war & peace confirmed treaties https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetial Pater - father  |  patratus - accomplished Pater Patratus - Accomplished Father [ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patratus ] Injury by State | Diplomacy In event of injury to Rome by another state: four (4) fetials sent to seek redress for injury by anor. state Fetial - any of body of 20 Roman priestly officials concerns: international relations, treaties, declarations of war originally selected from most noble families served for life only submitted advice:  advice not binding on decisions Livny's book 1, history of Rome: when Rome injured by another state, four (4) fetials sent to seek redress - incl: 1. verbenarius - carried herbs gathers from Arx on Capitoline Hill 2. pater patratus - group's representative on reaching offending state prater patratus announced mission & addressed prayer to Jupiter affirmed the justness of his errand Crossing the border, he repeated the same form several times 30 (or 33 days, by some sources), if no remedy given:  pater patratus harshly denounced offending state returned to Rome reported to Senate if war decided prater patratus returned to border pronounced declaration of war & hurled over boundary: 1.  regular spear; or 2.  special stake sharpened & hardened in fire. ritual to keep Rome from waging unjust or aggressive war Where enemy state was distant, spear would be cast upon a piece of land in front of Temple of Bellona in Rome land was treated as belonging to the enemy *ritual limitations overcome by legal fictions & state entered into wars to its advantage Treaties verbenarius & pater patratus sent to other nation treaty read aloud curse pronounced on Rome should the state be first to break treaty ceremony concluded by killing pig with flint tool by late republic this had faded but Emperor Augustus (63 BC - 14AD) revived priestly group & became member also http://www.britannica.com/topic/fetial#ref6591 Change in ritual to ancient Roman declaration of war due to war with Greek Pyrrhus (non-adjoining territory): Pyrrhus of Epirus, Greek tribe Molossians (wins w/ heavy losses:  Pyrrhic victory) Pyrrhic War 280-275) - Greeks, Italians & Carthaginians (ie Phoenicians, North Africa) Pyrrhus considered one of greatest military commanders of time Hannibal ranked him greatest commander world had seen second to Alexander the Great Pyrrhus entered Italy 280BC 3,000 cavalry 2,000 archers 500 slingers 20,000 infantry 20 war elephants (loaned by Ptolemy II) series of wars ending w/ Romans 6,000 dead / Pyrrhus 3,500 dead Rome lost Pyrrhus headed for Sicily lifts Carthaginian siege of Syracuse proclaimed king of Sicily designs on Italy Lilybaeum (Marsala, Western Sicily) military target manpower and money from the Sicilians required Sicilians not happy military dictatorship enforced alienated Sicilian Greeks while engaged with Carthaginians Romans rebuilt army on Pyrrhus return Sicily Pyrrhus vastly outnumbered /withdraws after inconclusive battle of 275 BC Pyrrhus Italian campaign was only chance for Greeks to stop what became advance of Rome towards domination of Mediterranean Punic Wars followed this period: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus Punic Wars (x3) Rome vs Carthage - 264 - 146BC LARGEST wars that had ever taken place 'Punic' fm. L. Punicus (or Poenicus) - ie Carthaginian (Phoenician ancestry) cause:  Rome sought to expand into existing Carthaginian Empire domain Romans wanted Sicily (part of which Carthaginian control) mid-200s BC - Carthage located modern Tunisia powerful, sea-merchant city-state, vast commercial network only Rome rivalled it in power, wealth & population Carthage navy largest in ancient world then but Carthage did not maintain a large, permanent standing army relied mostly on mercenaries (Numidians - ancient Berber, now Algeria) Carthaginian navy provided their lower classes w/ stable income & career Rome, unlike Carthage, had large disciplined armed forces Rome had no navy at start First Punic War Rome constructed own fleet during FPW Rome first defeated due to Carthage advantage at sea but: 1. ROME DRASTICALLY EXPANDED NAVY IN SHORT TIME IN 2 MONTHS ROMAN FLEET HAD OVER 100 WARSHIPS 2.  INNOVATION:  CORVUS (assault bridge) added to Roman ships hinged bridge to swing into enemy vessels with sharp spike & stop vessels Roman legionaries board & capture Carthaginian ships *Corvus = ravens /  crows Tactic reduced Carthaginian advantage re ship-to-ship battles Romans superior infantry prevail in naval conflicts Romans suffer disasterous intial defeat:  Battle of Tuins + x2 naval engagements otherwise:  First Punic War almost unbroken string of Roman victories 241 BC - Carthage signs peace treaty, evacuating Sicily & paying Rome large war indemnity Carthage plunged into Mercenary War (Rome then seized Sardinia & Corsica) Rome then ascends to power in Western Mediterranean more on Punic Wars https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars Mercenary War (240–238 BC) revolt supported by Libya natives re non-payment of mercenary troops under Carthage re Sicily vs Rome Carthage liquidity problem:  Egypt (mutual Rome & Carthage ally) Egypt no liquidity help Husaby, near Kinnekulle Västergötland, Sweden https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Husaby_kyrka_ext_2005-08-10.jpg Sweden 13th Century King's subjects begin to pay monetary taxes therefore royal estates financing obsolete royal estates then passed to nobility & church Individual royal estates enumerated in: 1.  Law of Hälsingland (older) 2.  Westrogothic law (newer) Uppsala öd =  first foundation of Swedish state property https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala_%C3%B6d ---------------------- ꕤ ---------------------- Comment From this historical perspective, the modern-day invasion of Europe feels sacrilegious. ꕤ