[NOTE: ALL INFO FROM WIKIPEDIA SITE, UNLESS OTHERWISE MARKED / *SOME WIKIPEDIA URL ENTRIES MAY NOT BE LISTED]
BOHEMIA
Bohemia (+ Bavaria)
-- named after Boii
-- Boii large Celtic tribe
-- known to Romans (migrations & settlement in northern Italy & other)
-- another part of Boii Celtic tribe moves west
-- west moving Boii with Helvetti (Gallic, Swiss region) move into southern France
-- this led to Julius Caesar Gaulish campaign of 58 BC
-- mass movement of Helvetii & Boii left southern Germany & Bohemia
-- SEVERELY DEPOPULATED - lightly inhabited 'desert'
-- Suebic tribes arrive, speaking Germanic languages
-- become dominant over remaining Celtic groups
-- name referred to by Roman Tacitus & Strabo: Boiohaemum
-- 'Boii' after Celtic tribe
-- 'Heim' Germanic for 'home'
-- thus: Boii-home
-- south east in Hungary were: Sarmatians tribes
SARMATIANS
-- large confederation of proto-Iranians / Central Asia 2000 BC
-- peak expansion 1000 BC, from:
-- Iranian Plateau
-- entire Eurasian Steppe
-- Great Hungarian Plain (west)
-- Ordos Plateau (east)
WESTERN IRANIAN PERSIAN EMPIRES
-- dominated much of ancient world at this period
-- left important cultural legacy
-- Eastern Iranian nomads of steppe, role in development Euraisan nomadism & Silk Route
ANCIENT IRANIAN PEOPLES
- -- Alans
- -- Batricians
- -- Dahae
- -- Massagetae
- -- Medes
- -- Khwarezmians
- -- Parthians
- -- Saka
- -- Sarmatians
- -- Scythians
- -- Sogdians
- -- other: Central Asia, Caucasus, Eastern Europe & Iranian Plat.
-- 1000 AD, Western Iranian tribes area of settlement
-- reduced by Slavic, Germanic, Turkic & Mongol expansions
-- + subject of Slavicisations
-- Iranian tribes:
-- balochs, Kurds, Gilaks, Lurs, Mazanderanis, Ossetians, Pashtuns,
-- Pamiris, Persians, Tajiks, Talysh, Wakhis & Yaghnobis
-- Iranian - 'Aryana' (Old Iranian ethnicity)
-- from Sanskrit - 'Arya'
-- 'Iran' is from: 'Aryanam (lit. '(Land) of the Aryans'
-- proto-Indo-Rianian: 'Arya' - 'hospitable' (self referential)
-- anor meaning: 'noble' (see Avesta)
-- homeland estimated:
-- Herat (Pliny view)
- Pliny the Elder, Roman empire philosopher & friend of e. Vespasian
- army entry / son of equestrian
- took part in the Roman conquest of the Chauci (ancient Germanic tribe)
- plus other entries
-- entire expanse of Iranian Plateau (Strabo)
- Greek geographer, philosopher, historian
-- b. Pontus (in what is now Turkey)
-- extensive travels / moved Rome age 21
-- 'Iranian' is distinct from 'Iran' state in academic usage
-- citizens of Iran are not necessarily of the Iranian peoples
-- 'Aryan' - Old Iranian term - solely re ethnicity
-- name 'Arya' lives in ethnic names: eg Alan, Ossetian (Ir + Iron)
-- name 'Iran' in usage since Sasanid times
SASSANID Empire - 224–651
-- succeeded Parthian Empire
-- known to these peoples as 'Ērānshahr' in Middle Persian lang.
-- peak of ancient Iranian civilization
-- considerable influence on Roman culture in Sasanian period
-- influence reached: Western Europe, Africa, China, India
Knowledge | Culture
-- what later was referred to as 'Islamic culture' in art, architecture, music & other
-- was transferred from Sasanids to Muslim-conquered regions
-- so it is in fact Iranian culture, art etc.
-- & the Saudis Arab conquering rulers
(or their later pan-ethnic Arab-speaking Arab empire subjects)
-- credited instead of the Iranians (Persians)
more info
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire
Iranian | Persian
Sassanid Empire
Give back Yemen!!
PERSIA / IRAN
Arab Conquest
-- 632-634: Arabia Peninsula conquered & converted by Arab armies
-- 635 AD: Christian province Syria falls to Arab armies
-- 636 AD: Antioch falls to Arab armies
-- 638 AD: Jerusalem falls to Arab armies, after 1 year siege
-- 637 AD: Persia falls Arab armies
-- Battle of Kadisiya, close to Euphrates
-- 637 AD: Arabs sack Ctesiphon (Persian)
-- 641 AD: Arab armies defeat Persians at Nahavand
-- 642 AD: Arab armies capture Isfahan
-- 643 AD: Arab armies capture Herat
-- Persia now under Umayyad Caliphate (for next century)
Zoroastrian Parsees
-- Last Sassanian emperor 5 years old
-- Assassinated at 651 AD (at Merv)
-- Parsees number years from start of his reign (632 AD) |
Conversion
majority Iran / Persia
/ by, say, 937 AD
-- x3 centuries after Arab invasion & conquest of Persia
-- majority convert to religion of new ruling caste (the Arabs)
Zoroastrian Parsees
-- Zoroastrians seek liberty: move to India, Gujarat
-- Zoroastrians established in India as ‘Parsees’ (Persian for ‘Persians’)
-- remaining few Zoroastrians in Iran in remote cities (Yazd, Kerman)
-- known to Arabs as ‘gabar’ ( infidel? )
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebw
-- Sassanids: last great Iranian empire before the Muslim conquest & conversion to Islam
-- for almost 400 years, leading world power, along with
-- arch rival: Roman-Byzantine Empire
more info
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire
ARIYA
-- 'Ariya' in royal Old Persian inscriptions
1. name of language
(Old Persian inscription Darius the Great, in Behistun)
2. ethnic background of Darius
(inscriptions: (1) Naqsh-e-Rostam & Susa)
3. definition of God of Iranian peoples: Ahuramazda
(1. Persepolis, Xerxes inscription)
(2. Behistun inscription, Elamite version)
INSCRIPTIONS
-- Dna, Dse Dariius & Xerxes self description:
-- an Achaemenian
-- a Persian son
-- of a Persian
-- an Aryan
-- of Aryan stock
-- however, Darius the Great, called his language 'Iranian' language
-- modern scholars refer to it as: 'Old Persian'
-- because the language is ancestor of modern Persian language
Old Iranian Language
-- comprised of:
1. Iran, north-east
Avestan (associated with sacred Zoroastrian language)
2. Iran, south-west
Old Persian
-- a branch of Indo-Iranain language
-- Iranian languages classified either 'eastern' or 'western'
-- in this classification, Avestan is eastern
* 1 + 2: together, comprising: 'Old Iranian' lang.
*Old Avestan = closely related to Old Persian
*Old Avestan = close to Vedic Sanskrit (some extent)
*Old Avestan = believed ancestor of Pashto dialect
AVESTAN
1. Old Avestan (Gathic Avestan)
2. Younger Avestan (not evolved from Old Avestan, diff. dialect)
- Younger Avestan = several transformations
3rd or 4th century AD - Script Developed - Din dabrieh ('religion writing')
-- re writing Avestan
-- but Avestan by then EXTINCT LANGUAGE FOR MANY CENTURIES
-- remaining only liturgical language of Avesta
-- memorised by priesthood & recited by rote
-- script defised = Din dabrieh ('religion writing')
-- 53 distinct characters
-- written right-to-left
-- x13 "Book" Pahlavi / Pahlavi script
-- in turn, based on Aramaic script symbols
-- incorporates other: eg. derived from Greek / + punctuation symbols
-- Avestan alphabet has one letter that has NO CORRESPONDING SOUND in Avestan lang.
-- /I/ character added to write Pazend texts
-- Avestan script is alphabetic (single letter = sound (not idea, word etc)
-- reason being: need for phonetic precision
-- Pazend = one of writing systems used for Middle Persian lang.
PAZEND
-- one of writing systems used for Middle Persian lang.
-- used mainly for writing: commentaries (Zend)
-- re Avesta (Zoroastrian sacred texts)
-- derives from 'paiti zainti' ('for commentary') or similar
-- Pazend = variation of Avestan alphabet (Din Dabrieh)
-- unlike Pahlavi, no 'ideograms' (graphic symbols) - carrying idea, concept etc
-- Pahlavi ieogams borrowed from Semitic lang, eg. Aramaic
ZOROASTRIANISM
-- Sassanid defeat by Muslims
-- Zoroastrianism gradually supplanted by foreign Arabic religion
-- Parzend lost purpose (ie Middle Persian sanctified writing)
-- Parzend soon ceased to be used for composition
-- late 1000 AD or 1100 AD, Indian Zoroastrians (Parsis)
-- begin translating Avestan (or Middle Persian) alphabet
-- interpretation = 'pa-zand' (Parzand texts)
-- Pazand texts = late & often corrupt Middle Persian pronunciation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend
-- Avestan (sacred language, Zoroastrian) associated with
-- north-eastern Iran (Old Persian)
PROTO-INDIAN-EUROPEAN (PIE)
-- is ancestral to following languages:
- -- Celtic
- -- Italic (incl. Romance)
- -- Germanic
- -- Baltic
- -- Slavic
- -- Indo-Iranian
- -- Albanian
- -- Armenian
- -- Greek
- -- Tocharian
not included:
- Basque
- Hungarian
- Estonian
- Finnish
IRANIAN derived language regions:
- Iran (Iranian)
- parts of Pakistan (Balochi and Pashto)
- Afghanistan (Pashto and Dari)
- Tadjikistan (Tajiki)
INDO-IRANIAN language spread:
- Indo-Aryan
- Sanskrit
- Urdu + many related languages
AVESTA
-- sacred language
-- closely related to Vedic Sanskrit
-- Vedic Sanskrit, oldest preserved Indo-Aryan language
1000 BC - Division into EASTERN + WESTERN
-- indicated by: Avestan vs. Old Persian (south-west Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian)
-- Avestan - aka 'Zend' = Iranian language of Eastern Iranian division
-- used in Zoroastrian scripture
-- related region:
- Arachosia
- Aria
- Bactria
- Margiana
-- region area, comprising almost entirely:
- - AFGHANISTAN
- - PAKISTAN (parts)
- - TAJIKISAN
- - TURKMENISTAN
- - UZBEKISTAN
Distinctive art:
-- 'Yaz culture' of Bactria-Margiana (parts of Afghanistan)
-- Yaz culture = early Iron Age culture c. 1500 to 1100 BC
-- likely indicative of early East Iranian culture, as described in Avesta
-- no burials related to culture found
-- taken as evidence of: Zoroastrian practice (sky burial)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_culture
Western Iranian peoples in the Near East
-- dominated by the various Assyrian empires
-- subsequent alliance with:
-- Medes
-- Persians
+ rebelling:
-- Babylonians - fm. Akkad city, capital Akkadian empire
-- location of Akkad is unknown
-- indigenous Semitic + Sumerian united under one rule
-- controlled Mesopotamia, Levant, parts Iran
-- initially bilingual: Akkadian replaced Sumerian
-- Sumerian 'native tongue' - lang. of Sumer (southern Mesopotamia, mod. Iraq - 3000 BC)
Sumer
-- first ancient URBAN civilisation southern Mesopotamia
(now southern Iraq)
-- poss. first settled: c. 5500 and 4000 BC
-- by pre-Semitic Caucasoid / linguistically isolated Sumerian
-- Sumerian: names of cities, rivers, occupations etc - show this
-- language isolate = natural language / no relationship to other branches
Eridu
-- site of earliest city in southern Mesopotamia
-- poss. oldest city in the world
-- 12km southwest of Ur
-- one of numerous Sumerian cities that arose around temples
-- temples mud brick & built on top of one another, growing upward
-- villages growing outward: larger city built
-- site is near: Basra
-- city associated w. temple of Enki (Sumerian water god)
-- counterpart to Ea (Akkadian water god)
-- potentially original Babel & site of Tower of Babel, rather than Babylon
-- per Egyptologist David Rohl
-- urban nucleus of Eridu: Enki temple (house of the aquifer)
-- later 'house of the waters'
-- period of Ur III ziggurat built over remains of previous temples
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu
-- Scythians - large group Iranian, Eurasian nomads
-- Chaldeans - small Semitic nation, absorbed into Babylonia native population
-- Cimmerians - poss. Thracian w. Iranian ruling class
- neighbours of ancient Macedonia
ALLIANCE vs. ASSYRIANS:
-- helped the Medes to claim Nineveh 612 BC
-- result: collapse neo-Assyrian Empire by 605 BC
-- Medes establish Median kingdom
-- Ecbatana - royal centre (old Persian 'place of gathering')
-- city of Media, western Iran
Back to Bohemia ...
Bohemia
-- part of early Slavic state of Great Moravia
-- r. 870–894, Svatopluk I
-- collapse from internal conflict
-- plus nomadic Magyar invader attack
-- following Svatopluk I death
-- however, due to incorporation into Moravian Empire
-- extensive Christianisation of population
-- native monarchy rose to throne: Czech lands to be ruled
-- for next several 100 years by Premyslid dynasty
-- who entered into semi-vassalage to the Frankish rulers
-- via 'alliance' / facilitated by Bohemia conversion to Christianity 9th C.
-- close relations developed & continued with:
East Frankish kingdom
-- which devolved from Carolingian Empire into East Francia
-- which eventually became: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
-- 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I
-- decisive victory Holy Roman Empire & Bohemia vs. invading Magyars
-- Bohemia granted March of Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great
-- under HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE, Bohemia largely autonomous state
-- control of Holy Roman Empire reasserted
-- when Jaromir of Bohemia granted fief of Kingdom of Bohemia
-- by King Henry II, Holy Roman Empire
-- with promise to hold as vassal once Prague reoccupied with German army 1004
-- ending the rule of Boleslaw I of Poland
Other rule:
-- Luxembourg dynasty, (via marriage) circa. 1310
-- John I of Bohemia crowned
-- son: Charles IV
-- Charles King of Bohemia 1346
--- f. Charles University in Prague, Europe's first university
-- reign of Charles IV - political & territorial peak
-- Charles IV first king of Bohemia to be elected HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR
- controlled:
- -- Moravia
- -- Siesia
- -- Upper Lusatia
- -- Lower Lusatia
- -- Brandenburg
- -- region near Nuremberg ('new Bohemia')
- -- Luxembourg
- -- small towns in Germany
HUSSITE BOHEMIA
-- 1415 Jan Hus, rector of Charles University
-- religious reformer & thinker
-- sentenced to be burnt at stake: heretic
-- despite formal protection of Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg
-- given opportunity to defend himself re Czech positions in religious court
-- executed Jul. 1415
-- w/ emperor approval
-- x5 consecutive papal crusades against Hus followers
-- Bohemians forced to defend themselves
-- rebellion & defence vs. Roman Catholics = Hussite Wars
-- uprising against imperial forces led Jan Žižka (former mercenary) leader of Hussite armies
-- howitzers, pistols, fortified wagons
-- Žižka - great general who never lost a battle
-- on death: Propkop the Great takes over as commander
-- Hussites victorious another 10 years
-- Europe 'terrified'
-- Hussites eventually splintered into two factions
- Ultraquists (compromise w. Catholic church)
- Taborites (radical views)
-- Taborites defeated by Ultraquists Battle of Lipany 1434
-- 1458: George of Podebrady - elected to Bohemian throne
-- PROTO EUROPEAN UNION:
-- attempts to set up a pan-European "Christian League"
-- all states of Europe to be formed into 'community based on religion'
-- due to deteriorating relationship of Podebrady with Pope
-- Podebrady position 'substantially damaged' & negotiations not completed
HABSBURG MONARCHY
-- 1526: Archduke Ferdinand of Austria new King of Bohemia
-- Bohemia constituent state of Habsburg Monarchy
-- religious freedom 1453-1620
-- one of most liberal Christian countries that time
-- 1609: Prague made capital of Holy Roman Empire
-- oppression by Bohemian rulers (Holy Roman Emperor) re Protestant rights
-- results in Bohemian Revolt
-- which results in outbreak of Thirty Years' War (1618)
-- Protestant eventually elected by Bohemian nobility
-- ie. Frederick V
-- 1620: Frederick V - killed in Battle of White Mountain
-- subsequently:
-- 27 Bohemian estates leaders
-- Jan Jesenius, rector of the Charles University of Prague
*executed on the Prague's Old Town Square
*1621 and the rest were exiled
*their lands were then given to Catholic loyalists
(mostly Bavarian & Saxon origins)
-- ended pre-reformation movement in Bohemia
-- ended Prague as ruling city of Holy Roman Empire
-- 1627 - 'new Constitution' - establishes German language as second official lang. of Czech lands
-- Czech language spoken as first language
-- both German & Latin widely spoken by ruling classes
-- German becomes more dominant
-- Czech spoken in rural areas
CZECH LANGUAGE
-- formerly known as Bohemian
-- is a West Slavic language
-- influenced by Latin
-- 1749: official independence blocked by Bohemian Diet
-- Diet approved administrative reform & affirmed:
** indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire and the centralization of rule
** meant: merging Bohemian Chancellery w. Austrian Chancellery
-- end 1700s: Czech National Revival Movement
-- supported by part of Bohemian aristocracy
-- campaign for restoration of kingdom historic rights
-- ie Czech to replace German as admin lang.
-- minor concessions later restricted
-- Revolution 1848: Czech nationalists call for autonomy from Habsburg Austria
-- revolutionaries defeated
-- last vestiges of independence dissolved
-- but Czech language rebirth: 'romantic nationalism' among Czechs
-- 1861 - new elected Bohemian Diet est.
-- renewal of old Bohemian Crown (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) official political agenda
-- of both Czech liberal politicians + Bohemian aristocracy
-- 'state rights program'
-- parties representing German minority +
-- small part of aristocracy
-- loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreue")
-- 1866: Austro-Prussian War defeat of Austria
-- 1867: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
--- achieved by Hungarian politicians: creating 'equality' b/w Austria & Hungary portions of empire
-- tripartate monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) attempted by Czechs, failed 1871
-- 'state rights program' remained official platform of all Czech political parties to 1918
-- *exception was the social democrats
POST WWI
-- Bohemia was core of newly formed: CZECHOSLOVAKIA
-- combining Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, upper Hungary (now Slovakia)
-- + Carpathian Ruthenia, into one state
-- Tomáš Masaryk, becomes first president of Czechoslovakia
-- Czechoslovakia - liberal democratic republic
-- issues arise Czech majority relationship with native German & Hungarian minorities
1938 - Munich Agreement
-- Sudetenland (border regions of Bohemia, historically inhabited by ethnic Germans)
-- annexed to Third Reich Germany
1939 - Remnants
-- remnants of Bohemia & Moravia annexed by Germany 1939
--- Slovak lands became separate Slovak republic
-- described as 'puppet state' of Third Reich Germany
-- 1939 to 1945 Bohemia
-- *formed 'German Protectorate of Bohemia & Moravia):
- -- minus Sudetenland
- -- with Moravia
-- *opposition to German occupation brutally suppressed by authorities
-- *Czech dissenters executed as result
-- end WWII 1945
-- vast majority of Germans -- presumably ethnic Germans?
-- were expelled by order of Czech central govt
-- on basis of Potsdam Agreement
-- property of these Germans was confiscated by Czech govt
-- result: severe depopulation of area
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
1946 - Czechoslovakia Re-Established
-- on basis of Potsdam Agreement
-- pursuant to stipulation that region (?) be placed under 'Polish administration'
-- post WWII, elected Communist party, reportedly backed by Soviet Union
-- Re-established Czechoslovakia
-- non-communists of govt resign in protest against 'arbitrary measures' re state institutions
-- PM of coalition govt Klement Gottwald (communist)
-- response = coup d'état
-- pro-Soviet authoritarian state installed
-- 1949: Bohemia no longer administrative top dog
-- Czechoslovakia divided into admin regions
-- 1949 to 1989, Czechoslovakia a 'Soviet satellite'
-- note: no Soviet army present to 1968
-- 1968, the Communist Party began reforms & 'democratisation'
-- "Prague Spring" reforms stopped by Warsaw Pact armies (in Aug 1968)
Pope John Paul II - 1989
-- appoints 'Agnes of Bohemia' first saint from Central European country
-- 'Velvet Revolution' - later that year
-- dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993
-- Bohemia becomes: new Czech Republic
-- 1992 Constitution refers to Bohemia, Moravia & Silesia
-- & proclaims continued statehood of Bohemian Crown
-------/\/\/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazend
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=ebw
----------------------  ----------------------
Sarmatians
Iranian ppl (classical antiquity)
peak: 5th C BC - 4th C AD
spoke Scythian - Eastern Iranian branch Indo-European
move westward move 6th C. BC
closely related to Scythians
came to dominate Scythians by 2nd C. BC
differed from Scythians:
-- veneration of god of fire
-- woman prominent role in warfare
-- poss. inspiration for Amazons
-- rather than Scythian: god of nature
-- territory known as Sarmatia (to Greco-Romans)
-- now mostly modern Ukraine & Southern Russia
-- part north-east Balkans, around Moldova
-- 1st Century AD
-- Sarmatians encroach on Roman Empire in ALLIANCE with Germanic tribes
-- domiance of Pontic Steppe broken by Germanic Goths, 3rd Century AD
-- during Hunnic invasions 4th C.
-- many Sarmatians join Goths & other Germanic tribes (Vandals)
-- moving to settle Western Roman Empire
-- related peoples: Alans, survived in North Caucasus to early Middle Ages
-- gave rise to Ossetic ethnic group
-- indigenous to Ossetia, speak Iranic lang. (+ Russian)
-- mostly Eastern Orthodox
-- politically divided:
-- North Ossettia-Alania (in Russia)
-- South Ossetia (de facto independent fm Georgia, since 2008 South Ossetia war)
-- Ossettians receive name from Russian lang., which adopted Georgian designations
-- & used since Middle Ages for Iranian speaking tribes
-- prob. based old Alan self-designation 'As'
-- terms accepted / lack of single inclusive name for selves & lang. prior to integration into Russian empire
-- 1990s Ossetian nationalism dispute b/w subgroups Digoron vs. Iron re dialect of Digoron
-- intellectuals then search for new inclusive ethnic name: 'Alania' popularised
-- name of medieval Sarmatian confderation that Ossetians descend from
Alans
-- Sarmatian tribe (Scythian subgroup of Iranian ethno-ling. group)
-- 200 AD Alans only branch of Sarmatians to keep culture
-- post Gothic (Germanic) invasions
-- built kingdom b/w Don & Volga
-- 350 and 374 AD Huns destroy Alan kingdom
-- but Alans survive in Caucasus (as Ossetians)
Alans Conflicts
-- Ossetian-Ingush conflict - 1991–1992
-- Georgian–Ossetian conflicts - 1918, 1920, 1990s
-- South Ossetia War 2008 (George / Russia)
Key events described as:
-- 1774: Iran Afsharid Dynasty falls apart
-- some degre integration of descendants into modern Islamic minorities
-- north Ossetia = Russian empire
-- 1801: Treaty of Georgievsk
-- ie. Persia relinquishes control of South Ossetia
*South Ossetia becomes Russian Empire territory
*along with Georgia
-- 1922: Ossetia divided:
1. North Ossetia (Russian, Soviet Rep.)
2. South Ossetia (Georgian, Soviet Rep.)
-- 1990: South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia
-- Georgia does not recognise
-- ethnic tensions:
-- Ossetians vs. Georgians (South Ossetia, in abolished former auto.Oblast)
-- Ossetians vs. Ingush (in North Ossetia, violent clashes)
-- Ingush are Caucasian native ethnic group, however they have adopted Sunni religion
-- Ingush language closely related to Chechen, but *not mutually intelligible*
-- Ingush & Chechen collectively known as: Vainakh
-- Ingush under Russian rule in 1810
-- accused of collaborating w. Third Reich Germans WWII
-- entire population DEPORTED to Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan
-- post Stalin death 1950s, returned home 1957
-- but by that time western Ingush lands ceded to North Ossetia
-- predominantly Sunni muslim
(not sure if from mixing in Kaz. & Kyrg. or Muslim conquest Iran)
-- Ossetian divided into:
-- Ironian
- north Ossetia
- south Ossetia
-- Digorian
- western North Ossetia
-- also subdialetcts exist
-- Ossetian = Scytho-Sarmatian diaglect group
-- closely related surviving langs:
-- Yaghnobi
-- Pashto
-- Pamiri
*all spoken over 2,000 km away in:
- -- east Afghanistan
- -- north-western Pakistan
- -- some parts of Tajikistan
-- Alans christianised by Bizantine missionaries 10th C. Ad
-- Ossetians mainly under Eastern Orthodox, 12th-13thC. under infl. Georgia
-- Digor in west, eventually came under Kabardian & Islamic influence
-- Kabarday = east Circassian tribe
-- through Kabarday Muslim religion introduced (17th C.)
-- Ossetia under Russian emp. 1774, strengthening Orth. christ.
-- Ossetian ethnic religion (ie the Alans / the Samatrian-Scythian, Iranian)
-- many ritual traditions
-- sacrificing animals
-- holy shrines
-- non Christian saints
-- temples kown as: kuvadon
-- since 1980s, reportedly 'Ætsæg Din' ethnic religion emerging
-- 'din' must mean 'religion' (per old Iranian lang. & Avesta reference to script)
*** note: as with other ethnic groups Caucasus
despite Indo-European & Iranic roots
*Ossetians = extensive intermarriage with other ethnic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians
[NOTE: ALL INFO FROM WIKIPEDIA SITE, UNLESS OTHERWISE MARKED / *SOME WIKIPEDIA URL ENTRIES MAY NOT BE LISTED] |
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