Red Cloud

Planet Tokyo Audio | Oyate Miye https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nI7xe2JE-Qk Red Cloud Red Cloud (Lakota:  Mahpíya Lúta) War Chief of Oglala Lakota Oglala Lakota migrated from woodlands of Minnesota to North Plains in 1500s and 1600s Oglala Lakota { Lakota meaning:  'to scatter one's own' } one of seven (7) tribes of Lakota Great Sioux Nation: Oglala Lakota (Oglala Sioux) Nakota Dakota majority Oglala Lakota live:  Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota 8th largest reservation in US official title:  official title is 'the Oglala Sioux Tribe' Oglala Lakota reject term 'Sioux' =  name give to them by the Chippewa Nation = Chippewa Nation historically enemies of the Lakota = term 'Sioux' means 'snake' and is seen as slur https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oglala_Lakota Language:  Lakota most influential of indigenous American leaders of the Great Plains in late 1800s Born Blue Water Creek, now Garden County Nebraska b. 1822 - . 1909, age of 88, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota fought to save his people's lands war vs. US Army for control over Powder River Country described as:  first and last indigenous American in the west to win a war against the US one of the most ruthless tribal chiefs reportedly known for his cruelty & for bravery highly talented:  fighting and hunting described as:  shrewd, cunning mother's tribe:  Oglala Sioux mother:  Walks As She Thinks father's tribe:  Brule Sioux, one of 7 Lakota tribes (western Sioux), father:   Lone Man, died:  alcoholism, result of: result of the early commerce with white traders and trappers raisd by:  mother's uncle, an Oglala Sioux chief named Smoke wife:  Pretty Owl, several children / took only one wife in lifetime, unlike other tribal leaders with multiple wives demonstrated great bravery in Oglala battles with other tribes refused to sign several treaties with US capitalist government stormed out of negotiations, Fort Laramie, Wyoming in 1866 Influence in Lakota affairs reportedly diminished result of:  Ghost Dance ceremony of an Indian religious movement (Red Cloud eventually opposed to Ghost Dance movement) { ritual dance summoning ancestors / seeking to restore indigenous, ancestral lands } /  led to the Wounded Knee Massacre on December 29, 1890 http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.036 http://www.biography.com/people/red-cloud-9453402#final-years http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/red-cloud-5085.php Audio | Flag Song https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-0vfrxkrxg   Son:  Jack Red Cloud Grandson: Hunkpapa Jim Red Cloud, Oglala Lakota - 1904 Listening to: "Sitting Bull's Memorial Song" by Lakota Thunder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9Z0KIhzydk Nice drumming and chanting.  Onto my second listen. Plenty Horses (Tasunka) | 1891    [RIGHT-CLICK IMAGE, 'NEW TAB'] Tried at Fort Meade [ Looking at enlarged photo is spooky, because it feels modern ... Not very different to today.  Like you could almost be standing there.  ] Plenty Horses shot and killed Army Lieutenant Edward W. Casey, while Casey was spying on the Indian encampment on the Stronghold Table.  Plenty Horses had this to say: "Five years I attended Carlisle and was educated in the ways of the white man. When I returned to my people, I was an outcast among them. I was no longer an Indian. I was not a white man. I was lonely. I shot the lieutenant so I might make a place for myself among my people. I am now one of them. I shall be hung, and the Indians will bury me as a warrior." Plenty Horses (Tasunka),  Brulé Lakota, Rosebud Indian Reservation 1891 [wikipedia] Case against Plenty Horses (Tasunka) Investigation re events of:  Wounded Knee Massacre had bearing on Plenty Horses case / Determination whether Spotted Elk band were prisoners of war or not was relevant to trail of Plenty Horses Plenty Horse's lawyers argued:  state of war existed between US & Lakota Nation /  thus belligerents may kill without criminal penalty& Plenty Horses should not be tried for murder Defence lawyers argued if prosecution argument upheld that state of war did not exist, THEN:  soldiers involved in massacre of indigenous Americans at Wounded Knee should also be charged with murder. It was in US government interest that the victims of Wounded Knee be considered as 'combatants' who were prisoners of war that rose up in armed resistance 1891 - George Shiras, Jr - presiding judge HALTED PROCEEDINGS & INSTRUCTED JURY TO FIND A STATE OF WAR DID EXIST around time of killings between Lakota and US and that the skirmishes between Lakota warriors & US Army were battles "If they were not it would be hard to justify the killings of the Indians at Wounded Knee and other places" - Judge George Shiras, Jr Judge's direction that a state of war did exist meant Plenty Horses escaped conviction for murder and was released. It also meant that the soldiers of the US Seventh Cavalry, the perpetrators of the Wounded Knee Massacre (none of whom were ever charged), were also exonerated ... and 20 were awarded medals. If the prosecution was arguing at any point that the state of war DID NOT EXIST, what's the bet it did not exist? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenty_Horses Black Elk (1863–1950); medicine man, Oglala Lakota: "I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes young." Hugh McGinnis; First Battalion, Co. K, 7th Cavalry: "General Nelson A. Miles who visited the scene of carnage, following a three-day blizzard, estimated that around 300 snow shrouded forms were strewn over the countryside. He also discovered to his horror that helpless children and women with babies in their arms had been chased as far as two miles from the original scene of encounter and cut down without mercy by the troopers. ..." Some of the citations on the medals awarded to the troopers at Wounded Knee state that they went in pursuit of Lakota who were trying to escape or hide. [wikipedia] Redbone US rock band Redbone, formed by Native Americans Patrick and Lolly Vasquez song:  'We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee' (1973) reached the number-one chart position across Europe In USA song: a)  initially withheld from release. b)  was banned by several radio stations. 'We Were All Wounded at Wounded Knee' (1973) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZpJbBja4oM We were all wounded at Wounded Knee You and me We were all wounded at Wounded Knee You and me In the Name of Manifest Destiny You and me You and me You and me They made us many promises But always broke their word They penned us in like buffalo Drove us like a herd And finally on the Reservation We were going for our preservation We were all wiped out by the Seventh Calvary CONTINUED http://www.redbone.be/WoundedKnee.html Chief Black Bird War Shirt  Oglala Lakota beaded and fringed hide war shirt belonged to Lakota Chief Black Bird Chief Black Bird fought in Great Lakota War of 1876-77 likely present at the Battle of Little Bighorn [ bought by:  anonymous buyer for $2,658,500 US at Sotheby’s on May 18, 2011 / source:  Pinterest] Chief Black Bird Chief Bone Necklace an Oglala Lakota from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation (1899) looks beautiful: Chief Bone Necklace Chief Bone Necklace The Oglala Lakota were very handsome.  Chief Red Shirt  Chief Red Shirt  Chief Red Shirt  Chief Red Shirt [comment:  it looks like the photographer has somehow straightened Chief Red Shirt's nose in the London photo. ] Redbone | Wovoka (1974) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qj8ScYGokec